燃烧我的卡路里——产热脂肪的前世今生

肥胖为能量摄入与消耗失衡引起的脂肪过度堆积，是糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、脂肪肝和心血管疾病等代谢综合征的重大风险因素。脂肪作为防治肥胖与代谢性疾病的重要组织靶点，分为储存能量的白色脂肪以及产热并消耗能量的棕色和米色脂肪。研究发现，成年人体内的棕色和米色脂肪含量与机体能量代谢呈正相关，而与BMI和血糖呈负相关，提示激活人体棕色和米色脂肪产热在改善肥胖和胰岛素抵抗方面的重大潜力。文章讲述了棕色和米色脂肪细胞的发育起源、解剖学特征以及调控其发育和产热功能的各种因素。总而言之，棕色和米色脂肪作为治疗肥胖的靶标既具有巨大潜力，又面临着巨大挑战。     

哺乳动物产热的研究

综述哺乳动物兼性产热的机理和调节机制。重点讨论了基础产热、颤抖性产热、非颤抖性产热对哺乳动物产热的贡献。总结了影响兼性产热的环境因子及调控通路。     

Opposite actions of testosterone and progesterone on UCP1 mRNA expression in cultured brown adipocytes

The brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic response to diet-induced obesity and cold has been found to be gender dependent. In the present work, we aimed to investigate the effects of the main physiological male and female sex hormones, i.e. testosterone, progesterone and 17-β-estradiol, on the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) – the main mediator of BAT thermogenesis – and on UCP2 and lipid accumulation in rodent brown adipocytes differentiated in culture. Testosterone-treated cells showed fewer and smaller lipid droplets than control cells and a dose-dependent inhibition of UCP1 mRNA expression, under adrenergic stimulation by norepinephrine (NE). These effects were reverted by the androgen receptor antagonist flutamide, suggesting they are dependent, at least in part, on the androgen receptor. Progesterone- and 17-β-estradiol-treated cells showed more and larger lipid droplets and progesterone stimulated NE-induced UCP1 mRNA expression at the lower concentration tested, but not at higher concentrations, suggesting that for brown adipocytes, this hormone is dose dependent. 17-β-Estradiol did not have any remarkable effect either on UCP1 or UCP2 mRNA expression. Interestingly, the specific progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 induced UCP1 and UCP2 mRNAs, including UCP1 mRNA expression in non-NE-treated brown adipocytes, suggesting a profound effect of this anti-progestagen on brown adipocyte thermogenic capacity. Thus, are conclude that testosterone, 17-β-estradiol, progesterone and RU486 have distinct actions on brown adipocytes, thus modulating UCP1 and UCP2 mRNA expression and/or lipid accumulation, and that sex hormones are factors that may explain in part the gender-dependent BAT thermogenic response. Received 24 June 2002; received after revision 20 August 2002; accepted 26 August 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

Thermogenic effects of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and its analogues in the rat

Summary Acute or chronic injection of RX 77368 (a TRH analogue; 1 mg/kg s.c.) stimulated oxygen consumption (VO₂) and brown adipose tissue activity in the rat, and decreased weight gain Other TRH analogues (CG 3509, RGH 2202) and TRH itself also stimulated VO₂. These thermogenic actions are probably mediated centrally by stimulation of sympathetic outflow to brown fat.     

短光照对长爪沙鼠产物的影响

长爪沙鼠 (Merionesunguiculatus)分 3组驯化 :①长光温暖组即对照组 (LW ) ,14h光照 ,10h黑暗 ,(2 5± 2 )℃ ;②长光低温组 (LC) ,14h光照 ,10h黑暗 ,(4± 2 )℃ ;③短光低温组(SW ) ,10h光照 ,14h黑暗 ,(2 5± 2 )℃ .驯化 4周后 ,短光低温组与对照组动物相比 ,其静止代谢率、非颤抖性产热率、褐色脂肪组织的质量、线粒体蛋白的质量含量和细胞色素C氧化酶、α磷酸甘油氧化酶、钠钾ATP酶活性以及肝脏的线粒体呼吸量、细胞色素C氧化酶活性均无明显变化 ,而长光低温组动物的以上各个指标均比对照组明显增大 .结果表明 ,短光照不能刺激长爪沙鼠适应性产热能力的提高 ,而低温则可以诱导其产热能力的增强 .     

半自然驯化条件下黑线姬鼠冬夏两季产热的比较

为探讨小型哺乳动物适应于季节性环境的产热机制,本文测定了户外半自然条件下驯化的黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)冬、夏两季的体重以及肝和褐色脂肪组织(Brown adipose tissue, BAT)的细胞色素c氧化酶及BATα-磷酸甘油氧化酶活力等指标.结果显示黑线姬鼠冬季体重显著降低,BAT绝对重量、BAT和肝的线粒体蛋白含量及BAT和肝酶的活力冬季均显著高于夏季.冬季BAT细胞色素c氧化酶活力是夏季的9.5倍,肝脏细胞色素c氧化酶活力是夏季的5倍;冬季BAT的α-磷酸甘油氧化酶活力高达夏季的19倍.以上结果表明,在寒冷的冬季为保证存活,黑线姬鼠降低体重以减少绝对能量需求,并极大地增加BAT重量及肝和BAT细胞水平上的产热能力.     

Activity-induced thermogenesis in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice

Summary Motor activity was approximately 60% lower in genetically obese than in lean mice, during three consecutive hours at thermal neutrality. It is suggested that this must have contributed to the lower heat production measured in the obese mice and that activity-induced thermogenesis contributes significantly to differences in energy expenditure between the genotypes, at least in the short-term.     

布氏田鼠适应性产热的性别差异

不同季节的不同光周期、褪黑激素和温度对布氏四鼠的体重、体温、以及RMR和NST均有不同程度的影响,除体温外,均有明显的性别差异,说明雌雄动物适应性产热能力和产热调控机制存在着差异。     

斜交胎肩空浅议

从配方角度分析了斜交胎肩空的形成原因，提出了相应的解决措施，主要是降低生热，提高胶料性能保持率。