线粒体蛋白组研究进展

线粒体蛋白组是指在线粒体中出现的所有蛋白质的集合,包括线粒体自身基因组编码的和 由核基因组编码的蛋白质.线粒体作为真核生物的重要细胞器,它参与去除氧化、产生能量和还原 性物质等等一些重要的生命活动过程.这些功能都依赖于线粒体蛋白组中的蛋白河的相互作用.要 对其有一个较为全面的认识,就必须对其蛋白组进行广泛且深入的研究.根据现有的一些研究成 果,对线粒体蛋白组在起源与进化、跨膜运输、研究方法和计算机预测作了简要综述.     

基于行为目标的课程设置模式——解读泰勒《课程与教学的基本原理》

行为目标是泰勒<课程与教学的基本原理>一书中关键词之一.它是制定教育目标、选择学习经验、组织学习经验、评价教育目标的核心.在<课程与教学的基本原理>中,泰勒详细介绍了行为目标的相关概念,以及与它相关的需要与兴趣等因素和基于行为目标的评估模式.     

Immune responses to DNA vaccines

DNA vaccines, based on plasmid vectors expressing an antigen under the control of a strong promoter, have been shown to induce protective immune responses to a number of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. They have also displayed efficacy in treatment or prevention of cancer, allergic diseases and autoimmunity. Immunologically, DNA vaccines induce a full spectrum of immune responses that include cytolytic T cells, T helper cells and antibodies. The immune response to DNA vaccines can be enhanced by genetic engineering of the antigen to facilitate its presentation to B and T cells. Furthermore, the immune response can be modulated by genetic adjuvants in the form of vectors expressing biologically active determinants or by more traditional adjuvants that facilitate uptake of DNA into cells. The ease of genetic manipulation of DNA vaccines invites their use not only as vaccines but also as research tools for immunologists and microbiologists. Received 26 October 1998; received after revision 3 December 1998; accepted 3 December 1998     

CRISPR-Cas9系统定向编辑TCR基因的sgRNA筛选

为构建靶向T细胞抗原受体(T Cell Receptor,TCR)基因的CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑系统,基于p X458质粒构建靶向TCR基因β链C区的CRISPR-Cas-sgRNA质粒,将其转染Hep G2细胞系,用流式细胞术检测转染效率;转染48 h后提取Hep G2细胞基因组DNA,扩增含有编辑位点的片段,测序分析该片段的峰图改变;对出现双峰的扩增片段做T-A克隆后测序分析,确定基因编辑发生的位置,并结合转染效率计算基因编辑效率.结果表明,成功构建含有3种sgRNA序列(N1、N2、S1)的p X458-sgRNA质粒,其转染效率分别为38.5%(N1)、39.7%(N2)和24.2%(S1);基因组PCR产物测序分析发现,S1组扩增片段在打靶位置出现杂峰;T-A克隆测序发现,20克隆有4个发生了基因编辑(20%),结合转染效率(24.2%)可知,编辑效率约为83%.可见,本文成功构建靶向TCR基因的CRISPR-CassgRNA质粒,并鉴定出基因编辑效率较高的一种sgRNA序列.     

糖复合物的生物应用

糖类化合物是一类很重要的生物大分子,它在细胞膜表面通过形成各种复合物参与许多重要的生理活动。主要讨论了近几年糖类复合物在药物靶向传递及肿瘤成像/检测等方面的研究进展,综述了叶酸、寡糖等作为靶向基团的药物靶向传递体系,同时探讨了各种糖类复合物在细胞成像及生物检测方面的应用,指出了未来糖化学的发展前景。     

基于快速图挖掘的网络拓扑局部调节区域算法

针对IP骨干网重新配置中繁重工作量的问题,提出一种快速图挖掘算法来解决网络拓扑的局部调节区域问题,解决了从网络拓扑中找到组件时子图同构的NP-hard问题,减少了网络重构的操作工作量.该文提出的启发式图挖掘算法顶点,称为顶点目标搜索(vertex targeting search,VTS)算法,通过考虑网络操作条件减少了搜索空间的大小.实验结果表明,该文方法可以快速得到搜索网络模式图,与其他方法比较,该文具有较少的搜索时间,说明该文方法具有可行性和有效性.     

In vitro systems in the study of peroxisomal protein import

Our level of understanding of peroxisome biogenesis in comparison with other cellular organelles is rudimentary, yet the fragments of information available indicate that the targeting and import of peroxisomal proteins occur by fundamentally different mechanisms. Genetic studies have identified a number of genes required for peroxisome assembly, but in most cases the functions of the gene products remain unknown. In vitro protein translocation systems have played a prominent role in unravelling the biochemistry of protein translocation into other organelles. This review considers some of the requirements for establishing a bona fide peroxisomal import assay and discusses the findings which have emerged as a result of using such experimental systems.     

Cytosolic factors in mitochondrial protein import

In vitro import studies have confirmed the participation of cytosolic protein factors in the import of various precursor proteins into mitochondria. The requirement for extramitochondrial adenosine triphosphate for the import of a group of precursor proteins seems to be correlated with the chaperone activity of the cytosolic protein factors. One of the cytosolic protein factors is hsp70, which generally recognizes and binds unfolded proteins in the cytoplasm. Hsp70 keeps the newly synthesized mitochondrial precursor proteins in import-competent unfolded conformations. Another cytosolic protein factor that has been characterized is mitochondrial import stimulation factor (MSF), which seems to be specific to mitochondrial precursor proteins. MSF recognizes the mitochondrial precursor proteins, forms a complex with them and targets them to the receptors on the outer surface of mitochondria.     

基于细胞膜仿生策略的纳米颗粒在肿瘤治疗中的应用

随着纳米技术的发展，纳米颗粒凭借其物理、化学、生物学优势被广泛应用于医学领域。然而，生物安全性差、血液循环时间短、靶向能力弱等缺点，仍然限制着纳米颗粒在肿瘤治疗方面的应用。作为一种天然生物材料，细胞膜拥有独特的生物学性质。细胞膜仿生策略赋予纳米颗粒不同的生物学性质，弥补了纳米材料本身的不足，扩大了纳米颗粒在肿瘤治疗方面的应用。文章主要介绍细胞膜仿生纳米颗粒的制备方法以及膜仿生策略在肿瘤治疗中的应用与研究。