Systems and organizations: Distal and proximal thinking

The paper introduces the contributions to this special issue ofSystems Practice on Systems and Organizations: New Directions in terms ofdistal andproximal thinking. Distal thinking refers to ready-made concepts, to the finished effects and outcomes of thought and action; proximal thinking, to process and event, to the continuous and unfinished. The papers presented here deal with various aspects of the distal/proximal distinction in social systems and organizations, and especially draw out the implications of recent work in information technology, sociology of technology, accounting theory, and organization studies for a proximal conception of systems and organizations.     

Numerical simulation of topography effects on the "00.7" severe rainfall in Beijing

In an effort to study the severe rainfall event of 4-5th July 2000 in Beijing (with 24h accumulated precipitation of 240 mm), we perform numerical simulations to investigate this event using the MM5v3.6 model. The model is initialized with the MM5/WRF 3DVAR analysis, which incorporates the ground-based GPS precipitable water vapor, automatic and conventional meteorological observations in its assimilation step. For 24 h accumulated precipitation forecast, the threat scores are 0.72, 0.76, 0.67 and 0.63, for thresholds of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm, respectively. Holding other factors unchanged, sensitivity experiments were conducted with different topographic resolutions of 110, 50 and 3.7 km to investigate the topographic effects on precipitation over the Beijing area. In these sensitivity experiments, we attempt to preserve the realistic orographic distribution in the model topography under the condition of keeping the dynamic-thermodynamic consistency of the initial model atmosphere to the extent possible. Results indicate that the unique topographic distribution and variations in the Beijing area play an important role in determining the location, distribution and intensity of heavy precipitation.     

台风Utor登陆广东过程的数值研究

台风Utor(0104)于2001年7月6日00时(UTC,下同)在广东汕尾地区登陆,带来比较严重的灾害性天气.以美国国家大气研究中心和宾州大学联合研制的第五代中尺度模式(MM5)为基础设计的台风预报模式比较准确地预报出台风Utor(0104)的移动路径(前24 h的移动路径平均误差为 68 km)和天气现象的分布.在此基础上,设计了3个敏感性试验:①是把华南地区(26°N以南,110°E以东)的陆地变为海洋,②是把华南地区的山地变为平地,③是减小华南地区陆地的粗糙度,即取为近似于静风的洋面上的值.对比数值试验的结果表明:引起台风登陆后减弱的最主要因子是下垫面水汽供应的切断,其次是下垫面粗糙度(摩擦)的影响;地形作用能使迎风坡的降水明显增加,但对台风强度则没有明显的影响.     

Dynamical framework with blocking topography coordinates for atmospheric GCM and its validation

The dynamical framework with Blocking Topography Coordinates (hereafter, BTC), which is suited to handle the steep topography for the atmospheric general circulation models, is presented in this paper, together with its validation results. The integral properties of both the differential and finite-difference equations for the BTC dynamical core are: gross mass conservation, quadratic conservation for advection terms, Coriolis force does not change the kinetic energy, conservation of total available energy. The improved nonlinear iteration scheme is utilized for the time-integration. The energy conservation for BTC dynamical core is validated by using the integration results from 9-layer and 21-layer version respectively. Comparison results show that, the changes of the kinetic energy and total available potential energy during the integration are quite close for both the BTC dynamical framework and the dynamical framework of IAP 9-level and IAP 21-level AGCM, and this may suggest that the BTC dynamical core can be used for long-term integration with good computational stability. Furthermore, the BTC dynamical core has the advantage over the terrain following (sigma) coordinates in its better representation of the influence of the large-scale topography on the atmospheric general circulation. Finally, the correctness and reasonableness of the BTC dynamical core has been further proved by the numerical simulation of the topography influence on the quasi-stationary planetary wave with 21-layer version of BTC dynamical framework.     

北黄海大鹿岛附近海域海洋牧场本底地质环境分析

为推进北黄海北部特色滩涂型海洋牧场建设,本研究对北黄海大鹿岛附近海域海洋牧场本底地质环境开展调查评估,利用高分辨率声学探测设备获取研究海域的精密水深数据和浅地层剖面数据;利用现场和实验室结合的方法测定海水理化参数;利用筛析法、激光粒度仪测试方法确定沉积物类型和粒度特征,最终通过分析研究区海底地形地貌、海水水质状况和沉积物分布特征对本底地质环境进行评估。结果显示：目标海域测量水深为1-29 m,平均水深为16 m,海底地形整体表现为平缓的近岸缓坡,地貌以水下侵蚀堆积地貌为主;海底浅地层剖面中U1声学地层清晰连续,全区可追踪,厚度约6 m且变化不大;海水水质良好,主要处于Ⅱ类海水水质标准;表层沉积物类型均为砂,沉积物组分变化不大,砂组分占绝对优势,表层沉积物空间分布主要与沉积物物源条件及辽南沿岸流、海域潮流等因素有关。综合分析认为,北黄海大鹿岛附近海域水深适宜,地形较为平坦,水质环境良好,以砂质浅滩沉积为主,适于滩涂型海洋牧场的构建。     

磁盘表面形貌对润滑剂分布及磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂转移的影响

磁盘表层润滑剂在磁头与磁盘之间转移会影响磁头飞行的稳定性．本文采用改进后的粗粒珠簧模型,运用分子动力学方法,研究了磁盘上类金刚石薄膜（diamondlikecarbon,DLC）层粗糙度和磁盘表面凸起对润滑剂在磁盘表面分布及磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂转移的影响．研究结果表明,DLC层粗糙度对润滑膜平均厚度及磁盘表层粗糙度的影响很小;磁盘表面凸起对磁盘表层润滑剂分布的影响明显．类金刚石薄膜层的粗糙度和磁盘表层凸起均可增加转移到磁头上的润滑剂的体积．但磁盘表层粗糙度对磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂转移量的影响明显低于由磁盘表层凸起导致的磁头／磁盘之间润滑剂的转移量．     

大兴安岭北端地形因子对针叶林土壤黑碳储量的影响

[目的]气候变化对人类社会发展产生的影响受到了世界各国的广泛关注,提高森林生态系统的固碳潜力被认为是经济可行且有效减缓大气二氧化碳(CO2)浓度的重要途径之一,大兴安岭地区森林生态系统的黑碳储量在全球碳循环和碳汇方面具有重要的作用.研究大兴安岭不同地形因子条件下土壤黑碳的储藏分布特征,为区域森林土壤黑碳储量准确估算和森...     

全息光栅干涉法测量曲面形貌的理论研究

基于光栅原理，提出一种可用于任意曲面形貌测量的全息光栅干涉的新方法，给出了光学原理实验系统，系统中采用氦氖激光为光源，反射型柱面全息衍射光栅为标准器，并用计算机软、硬件对光栅信号进行细分处理．实验表明，系统可获得较宽的动态范围和较高的分辨率，可用于测量曲面形貌．     

数字地形分析系统(DTAS)的设计

本文应用文献[1]和[7]的算法建立DTAS,设计DTAS软件,并应用DTM数据进行试验,获得了多种地形参数,并自动绘制出各种地形条件图。