Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms

Autophagic degradation of cytoplasm (including protein, RNA etc.) is a non-selective bulk process, as indicated by ultrastructural evidence and by the similarity in autophagic sequestration rates of various cytosolic enzymes with different half-lives. The initial autophagic sequestration step, performed by a poorly-characterized organelle called a phagophore, is subject tofeedback inhibition by purines and amino acids, the effect of the latter being potentiated by insulin and antagonized by glucagon. Epinephrine and other adrenergic agonists inhibit autophagic sequestration through a prazosin-sensitive ₁-adrenergic mechanism. The sequestration is also inhibited by cAMP and by protein phosphorylation as indicated by the effects of cyclic nucleotide analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and okadaic acid.Asparagine specifically inhibits autophagic-lysosomal fusion without having any significant effects on autophagic sequestration, on intralysosomal degradation or on the endocytic pathway. Autophaged material that accumulates in prelysosomal vacuoles in the presence of asparagine is accessible to endocytosed enzymes, revealing the existence of an amphifunctional organelle, the amphisome. Evidence from several cell types suggests that endocytosis may be coupled to autophagy to a variable extent, and that the amphisome may play a central role as a collecting station for material destined for lysosomal degradation.Protein degradation can also take place in a salvage compartment closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this compartment unassembled protein chains are degraded by uncharacterized proteinases, while resident proteins roturn to the ER and assembled secretory and membrane proteins proceed through the Golgi apparatus. In thetrans-Golgi network some proteins are proteolytically processed by Ca²⁺-dependent proteinases; furthermore, this compartment sorts proteins to lysosomes, various membrane domains, endosomes or secretory vesicles/granules. Processing of both endogenous and exogenous proteins can occurr in endosomes, which may play a particularly important role in antigen processing and presentation. Proteins in endosomes or secretory compartments can either be exocytosed, or channeled to lysosomes for degradation. The switch mechanisms which decide between these options are subject to bioregulation by external agents (hormones and growth factors), and may play an important role in the control of protein uptake and secretion.     

投资回收年限若干特殊问题研究

投资回收年限是工程项目经济评价是一项重要指标，静态指标和动态指标虽已在项目评价中广泛应用，但人们对其理论基础认识不深，尤其是这项指标与净效益准则的关系是否一致，需要从理论上予以分析。基于以上目的，探讨投资回收年限使用条件，动态与静态投资回收年限的关系，投资回收年限、标准投资回收年限、项目使用年限之间的关系，影响动态投资回收年限的两个基本要素等问题，并得出两个重要结论：投资回收年限的使用条件与项目现金流程图之间关系密切；静态投资回收年限、折算利率对动态投资回收年限的影响呈对数形式。     

海上救助报酬中的特殊补偿

回顾对特殊补偿制度出现的背景,对特殊补偿的含义和应用进行了分析,将特殊补偿制度同SCOPIC条款、共同海损等进行对比,列举特殊补偿制度的新发展和趋势,给出完善中国特殊补偿制度立法的建议。     

苏里格气田节流气井积液规律分析

苏里格气田广泛使用了井下节流工艺,该工艺对气井生产后期的井筒积液产生很大影响。为了弄清井下节流器对气井积液规律的影响,采用物理模拟实验方法研究了节流器上端和节流器下端的积液先后顺序,利用苏里格气田实际气井生产动态数据,分析了节流器打捞后的积液动态变化规律,结合井筒压降数学模型和临界携液流量数学模型,提出了苏里格气田节流气井积液的4个过程,采用数值模拟软件和井筒压力计算软件相结合的方法,计算了气井节流器的最优打捞时机,为苏里格气田节流气井生产制度的合理制定提拱了依据。     

海难救助报酬论

结合有关国际公约和我国《海商法》的有关规定，论述了海难救助报酬的法律性质、确定海难救助报酬的原则和救助报酬的确定，并对救助人的救助报酬请求权收到侵害时的法律救济手段提出一些看法。     

曲线顶管底幕法古沉船整体打捞缩尺模型试验

为了保护沉船的完整性,缩短打捞周期并降低打捞成本,本文提出了一种采用矩形曲线顶管形成底部托盘的新型水下沉船整体打捞方法。基于极限平衡法,推导了单根矩形顶管沿竖曲线推进的顶推力理论计算公式。依托“长江口二号”古沉船打捞项目,开展了缩尺模型试验,分析了底幕不同位置顶管推进顶推力的变化规律,并对一些施工因素对地层扰动及顶推力的影响进行了探讨。结果表明：矩形顶管沿竖曲线推进,顶推力随推进角度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,顶推力峰值发生在推进角度为120°-180°之间;刀盘旋转切削及泥浆的冲刷作用有助于降低对地层的扰动,减小推进阻力;由于端板的约束作用,靠近端板处顶管顶推力大于其他位置的顶管顶推力;顶管在入土和出土时刻会对周围环境产生一定的扰动,因此在确定顶管弧形梁的半径时,需要充分考虑其对沉船扰动的影响;基底吸附力约占总起吊力的31%。本项研究为隧道施工技术在沉船打捞领域的创新性交叉应用,研究成果可为“长江口二号”沉船打捞及类似打捞工程的实施提供重要的理论依据和技术指导。     

捞雷机器人爬行机构研究

介绍了一种沿半埋雷体表面爬行的捞雷机器人爬行机构的结构和原理。该机构应用于捞雷具作业系统上,这雷具沿圆柱体的前进、停止、后退与夹持功能。     

An advance selling strategy with a trade-in program

Recently, advance selling and trade-in programs have become increasingly popular in many industries. While previous studies have examined these two strategies individually, the combination of both strategies has not been studied. Inspired by business practices, we investigate an emerging advance selling strategy (hereinafter, the AT strategy) that utilizes the trade-in concept as a reward or discount for participating in the advance selling program. This study explores a seller’s optimal pricing decision and profit when using the AT strategy, traditional advance selling (AS), and traditional trade-in (TN) strategies. We find that, compared to AT strategy, it is better for the seller to adopt the AS strategy when the salvage value of used products is sufficiently low and the product cost is not too small. In addition, compared to TN, when the salvage value and product cost are relatively low, the seller should adopt the AT strategy under most circumstances. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sellers can still gain profits when the product price is extremely high under the AT strategy. Even if consumer utility is negative during the advance selling period, consumers are willing to participate in AT programs because the total consumer surplus from buying two generations of products is positive.     

起重机械打捞沉船的计算与分析

为恢复深水沉没船舶的浮性和稳性,对其打捞过程进行力学分析,并建立沉船离底、水中提升、出水和完全出水的力学公式。以打捞某沉没船舶为例,利用GHS软件进行模拟仿真。考虑到海底吸附力和出水后风浪的影响,在沉船打捞的各个阶段分别进行不同初始设置,并计算打捞该船舶各个阶段船体受到的搁坐力、船舶浮力、剪力、弯矩、扭矩和各个千斤提升缆的提升力,进一步比较出打捞过程中各项参数的最大值。     

保肢手术与个案化疗治疗骨肉瘤临床研究

为增加瘤段骨灭活的彻底性，缩短其手术灭活时间，并实施手术前后多种有效药物的个案化疗，而进行了瘤段骨超声灭活再植保肢手术与瘤细胞培养敏感药物个案化疗治疗骨肉瘤临床前瞻性随同对照研究，结果表明，观察组瘤段骨术中灭活时间明显缩短（约２０ｍｉｎ），随访期间（平均２．５ａ）无瘤生存率（６６．７％），高于对照组（手术前后固定方案非选择性化疗加单纯酒精灭活再植术）（２３．５％；Ｐ〈０．０５）。其术后合并症，局部