求代数方程组数值解的智能新方法

本文针对解代数方程组计算复杂和非线性方程组的解难以得到问题，提出了一种适合于不同类型方程组的通用算法．模拟生物进化过程，利用仅以变异作为唯一基因操作的EP方法来求方程组的最优解或次最优解．首先建立智能化的通用方程组，再利用改进的EP方法(在自适应方法中引入小生境思想)来求解方程组．算法既简单又具有通用性，最后举例说明本方法的有效性．     

中国股市"已实现"波动率的周期性研究

论述证券市场“已实现”波动率的理论,利用深圳成分指数和上海综合指数的5 m in高频数据,对沪深两市的波动周期做了实证分析,通过Fourier谱分析,比较了沪深两市的波动周期,揭示了我国股市的周期波动性特征.目前,我国股票市场的周期性研究多集中在市场指数和收益率的低频数据周期分析,本文的特点是利用高频数据对波动率这一重要参数的周期性进行分析.     

基于波动率测量误差的波动率预测模型

本文研究了一种基于波动率测量误差的波动率预测模型,并做了非线性扩展,期望改进预测效果.考虑到文献中关于波动率可能长记忆性和非线性并存的观点,本文以具有长记忆特征的HAR(heterogeneous autoregressive)模型为基础,加入波动率测量误差后模型持续性有所提高,结合非线性的时变参数模型则达到结构变化和减弱异方差的效果.本文用2652天的沪深300高频数据计算的已实现极差波动率来验证模型效果.固定参数下,在HAR型模型中加入测量误差作为调节变量可以较显著地改善样本外预测效果.时变参数下,加入测量误差的HARQ型模型预测效果大多优于对应的HAR型模型.时变参数模型总体上可以改善固定参数模型的预测效果,尤其在预测期较长的情况下改善均是显著的.     

基于已实现半协方差的投资组合优化

在传统的风险度量方法中,常见的协方差估计量并未区分资产收益的下侧风险和上侧收益,而一般的下偏矩估计量则存在非对称性和难以加总的缺点.本文引入已实现半协方差矩阵(RSCOV)作为风险度量进行波动率预测和投资组合研究.本文将RSCOV应用于两种常见的风险分散投资策略—风险平价(ERC)策略和全局方差最小(GMV)策略,并将机器学习中的在线加权集成(OWE)算法用于提升已实现波动率预测方法HAR-RV的样本外预测表现.通过研究发现,相比起已有的其他风险衡量方式,仅包含负向波动信息的下半RSCOV能够更好地被用于平衡组内各资产的风险贡献.基于A股市场2011-2018年的高频数据,本文通过实证研究发现,OWE-HARRV在月度预测步长下的效果优于HAR-RV,而下半RSCOV则能够使ERC策略以及GMV策略在保证一定平均收益的同时,降低了组合收益的极端损失.     

A comparison of conditional predictive ability of implied volatility and realized measures in forecasting volatility

In a conditional predictive ability test framework, we investigate whether market factors influence the relative conditional predictive ability of realized measures (RMs) and implied volatility (IV), which is able to examine the asynchronism in their forecasting accuracy, and further analyze their unconditional forecasting performance for volatility forecast. Our results show that the asynchronism can be detected significantly and is strongly related to certain market factors, and the comparison between RMs and IV on average forecast performance is more efficient than previous studies. Finally, we use the factors to extend the empirical similarity (ES) approach for combination of forecasts derived from RMs and IV.     

Forecasting under model uncertainty: Non-homogeneous hidden Markov models with Pòlya-Gamma data augmentation

We consider finite state-space non-homogeneous hidden Markov models for forecasting univariate time series. Given a set of predictors, the time series are modeled via predictive regressions with state-dependent coefficients and time-varying transition probabilities that depend on the predictors via a logistic/multinomial function. In a hidden Markov setting, inference for logistic regression coefficients becomes complicated and in some cases impossible due to convergence issues. In this paper, we aim to address this problem utilizing the recently proposed Pólya-Gamma latent variable scheme. Also, we allow for model uncertainty regarding the predictors that affect the series both linearly — in the mean — and non-linearly — in the transition matrix. Predictor selection and inference on the model parameters are based on an automatic Markov chain Monte Carlo scheme with reversible jump steps. Hence the proposed methodology can be used as a black box for predicting time series. Using simulation experiments, we illustrate the performance of our algorithm in various setups, in terms of mixing properties, model selection and predictive ability. An empirical study on realized volatility data shows that our methodology gives improved forecasts compared to benchmark models.     

On the Modelling and Forecasting of Multivariate Realized Volatility: Generalized Heterogeneous Autoregressive (GHAR) Model

Recent multivariate extensions of the popular heterogeneous autoregressive model (HAR) for realized volatility leave substantial information unmodelled in residuals. We propose to employ a system of seemingly unrelated regressions to model and forecast a realized covariance matrix to capture this information. We find that the newly proposed generalized heterogeneous autoregressive (GHAR) model outperforms competing approaches in terms of economic gains, providing better mean–variance trade‐off, while, in terms of statistical precision, GHAR is not substantially dominated by any other model. Our results provide a comprehensive comparison of the performance when realized covariance, subsampled realized covariance and multivariate realized kernel estimators are used. We study the contribution of the estimators across different sampling frequencies, and show that the multivariate realized kernel and subsampled realized covariance estimators deliver further gains compared to realized covariance estimated on a 5‐minute frequency. In order to show economic and statistical gains, a portfolio of various sizes is used. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal sampling frequency for volatility forecast models for the Indian stock markets

This paper evaluates the performance of conditional variance models using high‐frequency data of the National Stock Index (S&P CNX NIFTY) and attempts to determine the optimal sampling frequency for the best daily volatility forecast. A linear combination of the realized volatilities calculated at two different frequencies is used as benchmark to evaluate the volatility forecasting ability of the conditional variance models (GARCH (1, 1)) at different sampling frequencies. From the analysis, it is found that sampling at 30 minutes gives the best forecast for daily volatility. The forecasting ability of these models is deteriorated, however, by the non‐normal property of mean adjusted returns, which is an assumption in conditional variance models. Nevertheless, the optimum frequency remained the same even in the case of different models (EGARCH and PARCH) and different error distribution (generalized error distribution, GED) where the error is reduced to a certain extent by incorporating the asymmetric effect on volatility. Our analysis also suggests that GARCH models with GED innovations or EGRACH and PARCH models would give better estimates of volatility with lower forecast error estimates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bias in the estimation of non‐linear transformations of the integrated variance of returns

Volatility models such as GARCH, although misspecified with respect to the data‐generating process, may well generate volatility forecasts that are unconditionally unbiased. In other words, they generate variance forecasts that, on average, are equal to the integrated variance. However, many applications in finance require a measure of return volatility that is a non‐linear function of the variance of returns, rather than of the variance itself. Even if a volatility model generates forecasts of the integrated variance that are unbiased, non‐linear transformations of these forecasts will be biased estimators of the same non‐linear transformations of the integrated variance because of Jensen's inequality. In this paper, we derive an analytical approximation for the unconditional bias of estimators of non‐linear transformations of the integrated variance. This bias is a function of the volatility of the forecast variance and the volatility of the integrated variance, and depends on the concavity of the non‐linear transformation. In order to estimate the volatility of the unobserved integrated variance, we employ recent results from the realized volatility literature. As an illustration, we estimate the unconditional bias for both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample forecasts of three non‐linear transformations of the integrated standard deviation of returns for three exchange rate return series, where a GARCH(1, 1) model is used to forecast the integrated variance. Our estimation results suggest that, in practice, the bias can be substantial. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

"已实现"双幂次变差与多幂次变差的有效性分析

近年来,基于金融高频数据的波动率研究成为金融学研究领域的热点,而有效性是衡量波动率估计量优劣的重要标准,本文对波动率估计量的新方法“已实现”双幂次变差和“已实现”多幂次变差的有效性进行了研究,得出“已实现”双幂次变差在一般条件下比“已实现”波动更有效的结论,并且证明了在一定条件下,“已实现”多幂次变差的幂次个数越多,该波动率估计量的有效性越高.这一结论为“已实现”多幂次变差的幂次个数选取提供了原则.