两种意识神经相关活动

神经科学家一直在努力寻找意识的神经相关活动。本文提出了一个包含两种意识神经相关活动的理论框架。觉性意识是主观的经验和感觉。而评估性意识则是认知系统中普遍存在的信息,可以用来进行推理、演讲和高级行为控制。通过信号检测理论可以对觉性意识和评估性意识的神经相关活动进行区分。认知神经科学领域的最新发现为两种意识神经相关活动理论提供了证据支持。     

B类物理主义

B类物理主义的两种主要理论强调对经验的亲知来说明现象的和物理的不同,这源于它对经验现象性的充分重视。这种物理主义的理论规定都包含着经验命题,但这给自身带来了很严重的麻烦,让它更易于受到属性二元论的诘难。此外,这种立场对其本体上一元论的坚持也需更具说服力的证明。     

Symbolic Languages and Natural Structures a Mathematician’s Account of Empiricism

The ancient dualism of a sensible and an intelligible world important in Neoplatonic and medieval philosophy, down to Descartes and Kant, would seem to be supplanted today by a scientific view of mind-in-nature. Here, we revive the old dualism in a modified form, and describe mind as a symbolic language, founded in linguistic recursive computation according to the Church-Turing thesis, constituting a world L that serves the human organism as a map of the Universe U. This methodological distinction of L vs. U helps to understand how and why structures of phenomena come to be opposed to their nature in human thought, a central topic in Heideggerian philosophy. U is uncountable according to Georg Cantor’s set theory but Language L, based on the recursive function system, is countable, and anchored in a Gray Area within U of observable phenomena, typically symbols (or tokens), prelinguistic structures, genetic-historical records of their origins. Symbols, the phenomena most familiar to mathematicians, are capable of being addressed in L-processing. The Gray Area is the human Environment E, where we can live comfortably, that we manipulate to create our niche within hostile U, with L offering overall competence of the species to survive. The human being is seen in the light of his or her linguistic recursively computational (finite) mind. Nature U, by contrast, is the unfathomable abyss of being, infinite labyrinth of darkness, impenetrable and hostile to man. The U-man, biological organism, is a stranger in L-man, the mind-controlled rational person, as expounded by Saint Paul. Noumena can now be seen to reside in L, and are not fully supported by phenomena. Kant’s noumenal cause is the mental L-image of only partly phenomenal causation. Mathematics occurs naturally in pre-linguistic phenomena, including natural laws, which give rise to pure mathematical structures in the world of L. Mathematical foundation within philosophy is reversed to where natural mathematics in the Gray Area of pre-linguistic phenomena can be seen to be a prerequisite for intellectual discourse. Lesser, nonverbal versions of L based on images are shared with animals.     

近代中医发展缓慢的方法论原因分析

与西医相比,近代中医发展缓慢了。中西医在运用模型方法上存在着重大差异。一个是实体模型方法,另一个是唯象模型方法;实体模型方法的缺失造成了中医理论封闭且难以证伪,从而导致近代中医发展缓慢了。中医没有发展出实体模型方法有其内在的社会文化根源。     

Observation on rapid transient explosive boiling under pulsed-laser heating

Using various kinds of liquids (pure acetone, binary mixtures in various volume fractions of ethanol and acetone) as working liquids, the experiments of rapid transient explosive boiling induced by pulsed-laser irradiation are carried out. The temperature field on a microsecond scale is measured, and the behavior of bubbles is observed and captured by a microscopic camera system. The extreme characteristics that differ from those in normal boiling are clearly revealed. The influence of working liquid species, volume fraction of the mixture, nanoparticles added in the working liquid, and the laser irradiation parameters on the boiling behavior are also studied.     

对布依族双语教学成败的分析与思考

双语教学是为培养既具有本族语言文化素养,又能熟练掌握族际语言的人的一种教育活动,要保持和传承民族文化,不仅需要本民族自身传承,也需要学校教育的传承。贵州布依族地区曾经开展过两次较大规模的双语教学活动,取得了一些成绩,但最终未能走上健康发展的大道,其中的经验教训对当下保存民族语言文化,提高民族素质可以提供借鉴作用。