关于武昌鱼败血症的防治

论述武昌鱼败血症的病原体 ,发病的主要症状 ,流行情况 ,病原体致病条件及防治的主要措施。     

Using genetically-defined rodent strains for the identification of hippocampal traits relevant for two-way avoidance behavior: a non-invasive approach

Summary Genetically-defined rodent strains permit the identification of hippocampal traits which are of functional relevance for the performance of two-way avoidance behavior. This is exemplified here by analyzing the relationship between infrapyramidal mossy fibers (a tiny projection terminating upon the basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons) and two-way avoidance learning in about 800 animals. The necessary steps include 1) identification of structural traits sensitive to selective breeding for extremes in two-way avoidance, 2) testing the robustness of the associations found by studying individual and genetical correlations between hippocampal traits and behavior, 3) establishing causal relationships by Mendelian crossing of strains with extreme structural traits and studying the behavioral consequences of such structural randomization, 4) confirming causal relationships by manipulating the structural variable in inbred (isogenic) strains, thereby eliminating the possibility of genetic linkage, and 5) ruling out the possibility of spurious associations by studying the correlations between the hippocampal trait and other behaviors known to depend on hippocampal functioning.In comparison with the classical lesion approach for identifying relationships between brain and behavior, the present procedure appears to be superior in two aspects: it is non-invasive, and it focuses automatically on those brain traits which are used by natural selection to shape behaviorally-defined animal populations, i.e., it reveals the natural regulators of behavior.     

The phytotoxins ofMycosphaerella fijiensis,the causative agent of Black Sigatoka disease of bananas and plantains

Black Sigatoka is the most costly to control disease of bananas and plantains in the world. Currently, a worldwide search is underway either to find or to produce cultivars that are disease-resistant or-tolerant. Phytotoxins isolated from the pathogen might facilitate the discovery of such cultivars. Several aromatic compounds from liquid cultures ofMycosphaerella fijiensis, the causal agent of Black Sigatoka disease of bananas and plantains, have been isolated. The most abundant and phytotoxic of these compounds is 2,4,8-trihydroxytetralone, which induces necrotic lesions at 5 g/5 l in less than 12 h on sensitive cultivars of bananas. This compound exhibits host-selectivity that mimics that of the pathogen. Other phytotoxins isolated from this fungus, in lesser amounts, were juglone, the novel compound 2-carboxy-3-hydroxycinnamic acid, isoochracinic acid and 4-hydroxyscytalone. Some of the phytotoxins isolated are melanin shunt pathway metabolites, which makes this fungus unique among plant pathogens.     

扭矩对三维空间圆截面曲杆弹性屈曲的影响

采用自然坐标系,由Green应变张量的定义,给出了自然坐标形式的三维细长空间曲杆的Green应变计算公式,建立了同时考虑轴向压力和扭矩影响的能量变分方程.采用2节点12个自由度的自然坐标形式的三维空间曲梁单元,采用线性特征值分析方法,研究分析了同时受轴向压力和扭矩作用的具有初始曲率和挠率的三维空间杆柱的屈曲问题.数值结果与存在的理论解极为吻合,验证了公式的正确性.更为引人注意的是:不论直杆还是曲杆,扭矩对它们的弹性屈曲影响不可不计.     

一种基于无网格方式的弹塑性体变形仿真方法

提出了一种对高弹性、高塑性物体变形进行仿真的新方法。该算法利用点采样的方式表现表面,使用采样分裂和聚合以适应仿真中采样密度的变化。将弹性力学中的理论应用到仿真中,使用移动最小二乘法计算应力、张力、弹性体力,使用张力状态变量来描述弹塑性变化,利用向量位移进行了仿真。仿真结果可表现融化、分裂、聚合等弹塑性变形。     

不对称还原苯乙酮酸甲酯的生物转化菌种选育及条件优化

选用酵母菌、乳酸菌、粪链球菌、假丝酵母等4个种属共15株菌株,研究其对苯乙酮酸甲酯的不对称还原催化特性.以具有R(-)-扁桃酸甲酯较高转化活力的菌株S.cNo.1、S.cNo.3、S.cNo.9作为出发菌株,采用紫外与微波复合诱变的方法,筛选获得S.c3.5.16突变株.考察培养温度、pH值对该突变株转化活力的影响,结果表明,S.c3.5.16菌株的R(-)-扁桃酸甲酯生物转化最适反应条件为培养基pH6.5、温度38℃,苯乙酮酸甲酯转化为扁桃酸甲酯的得率达到99.3%,R(-)-扁桃酸的光学纯度达到95.5%e.e..     

不同株系丹参有效成分比较研究

为比较不同株系之间丹参有效成分的差异,采用高效液相色谱法测定丹参中包括丹参酮ⅡA在内的4种脂溶性成分和包括丹酚酸B在内的3种水溶性成分的含量,并应用SPSS软件对所得数据进行分析。通过对两大类成分的比较,发现10种株系丹参中,3、7号株系的脂溶性成分含量较高,可考虑培育为脂溶性成分提取原料;而1、9、10号株系的水溶性成分较高,可考虑培育为水溶性成分提取原料。显著性分析结果表明,所测10种不同株系丹参在其主要水溶性和脂溶性成分上存在显著差异。该研究可以为丹参优良种质的筛选提供依据。     

涠洲岛两种石珊瑚在高温胁迫下共生细菌群落结构变化特征

石珊瑚中的块状珊瑚与枝状珊瑚对全球气候变暖胁迫的耐受能力明显不同,但其机制仍不清楚。本研究选择北部湾涠洲岛的一种属于块状珊瑚的海孔角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites halicora)和一种属于枝状珊瑚的浪花鹿角珊瑚(Acropora cytherea)为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,分析高温胁迫下(26～34℃) 2种珊瑚共生细菌群落的响应特征。结果表明:共生细菌多样性具有差异性,A.cytherea共生细菌的多样性随着温度上升变化显著,Shannon指数由2.20变为4.05,而F.halicora变化幅度较小,在2.69～3.19波动;主导细菌存在差异,在门水平上,F.halicora占主导地位的共生细菌为Proteobacteria (29%～73%)、Cyanobacteria (7%～63%)和Bacteroidetes(3%～13%),而A. cytherea为Proteobacteria (49%～90%)、Cyanobacteria (1%～16%)、Bacteroidetes (3%～16%)、Firmicutes (1%～6%)和一个未分类的细菌门unclassified_k_norank(0.6%～21.0%);升温胁迫时,主导细菌的丰度变化存在差别,Bacteroidetes在F.halicora中显著降低,而在A.cytherea中显著升高,unclassified_k_norank在A.cytherea中也显著升高;随着温度升高,2种珊瑚共生细菌的变化趋势一致,但珊瑚中出现潜在致病菌Vibrio的温度不同,F.halicora在34℃胁迫时出现,A.cytherea在30℃和34℃胁迫时均出现。根据上述结果推测,珊瑚共生细菌的差异性可能是导致块状珊瑚比枝状珊瑚更耐受高温的重要原因。     

10株葡萄源丝状真菌分离鉴定及其致病力分析

采用组织分离法从京郊地区腐烂的葡萄果实及葡萄叶上分离到10株丝状真菌,其中从腐烂的葡萄果实中分离到3株丝状真菌,命名为814#、815#和880#；从葡萄叶上分离到7株丝状真菌,命名为794#、797#、798#、811#、902#、903#和1397#。结合形态学特征及真菌rDNA ITS区序列分析结果,菌株814#为茎点霉(Phoma sp.),菌株815#为刺孢曲霉(Aspergillus aculeatus),菌株880#为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea),菌株794#为日本曲霉(Aspergillus japonicus),菌株797#为粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum),菌株798#为大蒜盲种葡萄孢(Botrytis porri), 菌株811#为果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola),菌株902#为链格孢菌(Alternaria eichhorniae),菌株903#为芬芳镰孢菌(Fusarium redolens)和菌株1397#为脉孢菌(Neurospora terricola),其中A. aculeatus、A. japonicus、C. fructicola、A. eichhorniae、F. redolens和N. terricola未见在葡萄上分离到的报道。将10株丝状真菌分别接种到健康的葡萄、圣女果、苹果和梨果实上,B. cinerea、A. japonicus、A. aculeatus、T. roseum、B. porri、C. fructicola、A. eichhorniae和F. redolens均可使4种果实发病,其中B. cinerea、A. japonicus、B. porri和F. redolens致病力较强；而Phoma sp.和N. terricola只能使葡萄和圣女果发病。     

砂仁叶枯病病原菌生物学特性的研究

通过对砂仁叶枯病病原菌(Pestalotiopsis sp.)生物学特性的研究,结果表明适宜的温度能促进菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发.菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的最适pH值为6;麦芽糖和葡萄糖为菌丝生长的最适碳源;硝酸铵为最适氮源;蔗糖最易促进孢子萌发;通气条件能促进菌丝生长和分生孢子的萌发;连续光照易促进分生孢子产生.无氮源和无碳源条件下菌丝生长不良;相对湿度在95%以下时,分生孢子不萌发.