长沙新开铺剖面纹层沉积序列及其反映的古洪水事件

对湘江下游新开铺ESR年代为24．1～32．4kaBP河流沉积剖面140个纹层中264个样品进行了粒度组成分析,C-M图显示：样品主要落入Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅶ与Ⅵ区．远离河流、浊流与远洋悬浮沉积区．粒度组成接近于洪水平流层沉积,沉积环境可能为边滩、心滩等河漫滩．基于河漫滩平流沉积发育特点与剖面沉积物粘土含量稳定．砂与粉砂的含量呈负相关及纹层内部粒度变化等特点．认为出现在各纹层内部(包括低部)而不是顶部的“砂”含量增加与C值(粒度组成达到1%含量的Ф值)变小事件．可以作为划分洪水期次的标准;在140个纹层中识别出了128次古洪水沉积事件和16次明显的坡面径流冲刷蚀余事件。     

Identifying paleoflood deposits archived in Zhongba Site, the Three Gorges reservoir region of the Yangtze River, China

Based on the principle that the present is the key to the past, detailed analyses, such as AMS ^14C dating, grain size, component and morphology of heavy minerals, micro-morphology of zircon, Rb/Sr, magnetic susceptibility and total organic carbon （TOC）, were conducted to identify paleoflood sediments archived in Zhongba Site. The results indicate that the plaeoflood sediments bear great similarities with modern flood sediments in the following aspects： （1） probability cumulative curves mainly show a pattern of 3-4 segments; （2） grain-size distribution of suspended matter ranges between 3 and 10（I）; （3） the sediments are well-sorted, most of which are suspended matter （〉50%）; （4） the same species, quantity and morphology of heavy minerals; （5） scanning electronic microscope images show that shapes of zircon are mainly oval and nearly spheral, rounded due to long-distance transport; （6） higher Rb/Sr values （0.55-0.66）than those of sediments from cultural layers （0.03-0.26）; （7） magnetic susceptibility values （133.73-433.05 10^-6m^3/kg） are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers （959.25-2442.44 10^-6 m^3/kg）; （8） TOC （0.14%- 0.33%） are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers （1.13%-2.95%）. Our results demonstrate that, except for the 1981 flood, there are at least six paleoflood events that occurred during the Qing Dynasty, the middle of Song Dynasty, the early Warring States （400BC-350BC）, the West Zhou Dynasty （920BC-900BC）, the Xia Dynasty （2070BC-1600BC）, and the late Neolithic Age （3000BC-2300BC）, respectively.     

加入古洪水资料后的设计洪水成果合理性分析

根据长江,黄河,海河及淮河的部分河段上古洪水研究工作取得的成果,按水利水电工程实际洪水计算的方法,将有古洪水资料的洪水计算成果与无古洪水资料的设计洪水成果相比较,从参数区域协调平衡、相同控制面积下设计洪水成果等的合理性检查方面论述加入古洪水资料后其设计洪水成果的合理性。     

洛阳二里头遗址南沉积剖面的粒度和磁化率分析

洛阳盆地内二里头遗址南沉积剖面位于遗址所在二级阶地的前缘,属于河流堆积。对剖面的沉积物样品做了光释光测年及磁化率、粒度分析。结果表明:剖面沉积年代大致在2000~5000 aBP之间。剖面下部(113~123 cm)沉积物粒度较细,磁化率偏高,粒度曲线反映水流较弱的泛滥平原沉积环境,属河漫滩堆积;中部(90~113 cm)粒度较粗,磁化率较低,粒度曲线反映水动力较强的边滩–漫滩沉积环境,属河床边滩堆积;上部(0~90 cm)粒度变细,磁化率升高,粒度曲线反映水动力条件较弱的泛滥平原沉积环境,属河漫滩堆积。其中沿水平方向可见剖面中部的河床边滩堆积直接覆盖在二级阶地顶面的龙山时期灰坑之上,由此可以确认剖面中部地层记录了一场漫上了河流阶地的特大洪水事件,这一记录与孢粉分析得到的气候变化过程具有明显的相关性。4000 aBP前后异常洪水的出现和大洪水前后河流过程的变化,可能是对4200 aBP全球性气候异常事件的区域响应,对我国最早的都邑——二里头城址的选址有重要的影响。     

洪水计算的新途径——古洪水研究

洪水频率分析常苦于资料太短,即使考虑历史调查洪水并作特大值处理,频率曲线的稀遇洪水部分定线仍然困难和不可靠.本文提出利用支流末端洪水平流沉积推算干流几千年前洪水以及由这些古洪水、历史(调查)洪水、实测洪水构成的不连序系列进行频率分析的方法.该法可使频率曲线最重要的稀遇洪水部分精度显著提高.     

Archaeological discovery and research on the remains of the paleoflood of the Yuxi site

The research of the paleoflood remains from archaeological sites is one of the most important jobs in the environmental archaeology.Based on the traditional archaeological methods and the archaeological finds from the Yuxi site,Fengdu County of Chongqing,the paper analyzes the difference between the cultural layers and the possible paleoflood layers from various angles,such as contents,shapes of gravels,pottery,etc.,identifies the possible paleoflood deposit layers,i.e.the paleoflood remains of the Yangtze River,and discusses the periodicity of the floods.     

黄河小浪底段古洪水沉积与古洪水水位的初步研究

在黄河小浪底河段的古洪水研究中，确定了古洪水平流沉积的基本特征，发现像黄河这样高含沙量河流的洪水平流沉积的尖灭端与洪痕一般高。本研究可以提高洪水研究的可靠性和精度度。     

Characteristics of paleoflood deposits archived in unit T0403 of Yuxi Site in the Three Gorges reservoir areas,China

Based on the detailed analyses,multi-proxies such as AMS 14 C dating,grain size,component and morphology of heavy minerals,micromorphology of zircon,magnetic susceptibility,Rb/Sr and Hg content are used to research the paleoflood sediments archived in the Yuxi Site.The research indicates that, since 7.6 kaBP,at least 16 times of paleoflood with water level above Wusong Elevation 147.024 m(a.s.l.) left deposits in the Neolithic layers of unit T0403 from the Yuxi Site.The results are induced from the following aspects:(1)The plaeoflood sediments take on great similarities with modern flood sediments in the Yuxi Site and Zhongba Site in probability cumulative curves which mainly show a pattern of 3 segments in fluvial pattern.(2)There is some resemblance between the heavy mineral components and the zircon shape characteristics of paleoflood deposits and those of modern flood deposits.(3) Magnetic susceptibility values(40.44―70.10SI)are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers (59.59―188.68SI).(4)Hg values(290.71―742.51 ng/g)are lower than those of sediments from cultural layers(344.16―10518.17 ng/g).(5)Rb/Sr values are higher than those of sediments from cultural layers, while those of the 4th,5th,6th,7th,8th cultural layers are high,which shows that they are inundated by paleoflood.The reason for many flood deposits existing is related to the site situated on the first terrace where the Yuxi River joins with the Yangtze River.As there are some similarities between the plaeoflood sediments and those of the Zhongba Site,it is feasible to confirm the existence of paleoflood sediments based on the above points.     

黄河小浪底河段古洪水沉积

通过分析古洪水沉积的环境及应用沉积物识别的野外特征指标体系,指出黄河小浪底河段的古洪水沉积分为3种类型,具有4个特点,其中赋存古洪水平流沉积的地貌类型有4种,这一研究成果为在野外寻找及判断黄河小浪底河段的古洪水沉积提供了科学依据,对古洪水研究具有普遍指导意义。     

古洪水研究—挖掘河流大洪水的编年史

洪水尤其是大洪水资料是国土规划、江河治理和减轻洪涝措施等的依据,然而,现有实测洪水仅有几十年,历史调查洪水也仅有数百年,对重要水问题工程所需要的稀遇洪水而言远远不充分,兴起不久的古洪水研究方法可以获得河流上全新世以来的大洪水系列资料,在我国长江、黄河、海河、淮河的部分河段上得到了实际应用,是一条利用现代科学技术获取河流上近万年来已发生过大洪系列信息的新途径。