帕金森病研究进展

 帕金森病（PD）是常见的神经系统变性疾病,典型的PD病理表现为脑中黑质多巴胺神经元退行性变和路易小体沉积,但这些改变不能完全解释PD产生的临床症状,目前PD的发病原因及机制尚不明确,尚未建立系统的早期诊断及保护治疗方式。随着诊断及治疗技术的提高,生物学标记物、脑网络及神经调控等有望为PD早期诊断、机制探索及个体化治疗提供基础。本文综述了PD在生物学标记物、脑网络研究及神经调控治疗领域的研究进展。     

基于针灸脑科学的神经调控技术研究进展

 中医针灸是中国古代科学的瑰宝,研究证实,针灸通过体表刺激将信息传输到人体,在脑内整合处理,进而输出指令,调控神经-内分泌-免疫系统,调节整体功能,达到改善机体状态、治疗疾病的目的。目前,神经调控技术风头正劲。美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）2016年开展一项名为“刺激周围神经治疗疾病”的计划,该计划类似于电针疗法。本文就传统中医学和现代医学对针灸与脑相关的研究进行梳理和特征总结,从神经调控角度阐释针灸的效应机制。理解针刺调节中枢及外周运行机制,将对针灸神经调控技术的人工智能化研发具有重大启迪意义。     

精神外科的历史、现状与发展

 精神外科是功能性神经外科的重要分支,已有120余年的发展历史。随着临床精神病学、神经生化、神经影像学及微侵袭技术的发展,精神外科手术方式发生了重大改变。介绍了精神外科发展简史、国内外发展现状,并对未来发展进行了展望。     

Differential effects of calcium channel blockers on the responses of the rat vas deferens to intramural nerve stimulation and exogenous drugs

Summary The calcium channel blockers, nifedipine and verapamil, have separate effects on the phases of nerve-induced twitches which are not reflected by their actions on the responses to exogenous NA, ATP and the stable ATP analogue, ,-mATP. This implies that different calcium channels are used according to the manner of stimulation.     

Switching among functional states by means of neuromodulators in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion

Summary The lobster stomatogastric ganglion contains the central pattern generators (CPGs) for the pyloric and gastric mill rhythms. All of the neurons and their synaptic connections have been identified for each rhythm and serve as the basis for understanding the mechanisms by which chemical neuromodulators are able to alter the functional state of each CPG. Using examples of different amines and peptides, I show how these substances can be found within specific neurons and how their application to the CPG can alter the motor patterns in specific ways. I also discuss what changes in cellular and synaptic properties occur as a result of bath application and particularly in the case of proctolin, how these changes may have behavioral correlates. The various outputs appear to be the result of a functional rewiring of anatomically defined neural circuits and this may be a widespread mechanism for the production of closely-linked but behaviorally distinct movement patterns.     

Neuromodulation by serotonin and octopamine in the honeybee: behaviour,neuroanatomy and electrophysiology

The biogenic amines serotonin (5HT) and octopamine (OA) exist in the bee and can modulate neuronal activity and behaviour. 5HT-like and OA-like immunoreactivities can be found in most neuropils of the brain. Binding sites for the two amines are also present in most brain neuropils. The highest density of binding sites for [³H]serotonin and [³H]octopamine was found in the mushroom bodies. In some brain areas, especially the mushroom bodies, mismatches exist between binding sites and immunoreactivities, suggesting that the two amines also bind to neuropils which are not directly innervated by 5HT-like or OA-like immunoreactive neurons. The action of the two amines on behaviour in the bee is antagonistic. In the antennal pathway, proboscis and antennal responses to olfactory and gustatory stimuli are enhanced by OA and reduced by 5HT. In olfactory conditioning experiments, storage and retrieval of the learned signal can be enhanced by OA and reduced by 5HT. The specificity of these effects depends on the site of amine application in the neuropil. In the visual system the direction specificity of the visual antennal response is enhanced by OA and reduced by 5HT after topical application or injection into the lobula, the third optic ganglion. Correlates for the behavioural modulation can be found in higher-order visual interneurons. While OA application can mimic the stimulation of the bee with sugar water, the behavioural conditions leading to the release of 5HT are not yet known.