Prediction of sites under adaptive evolution in flavin-containing monooxygenases: Selection pattern revisited

Flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), like cytochrome P450 (CYP), is a monooxygenase that uses the reducing equivalents of NADPH to reduce one atom of molecular oxygen to water, while the other atom is used to oxidize the substrate. Recently, it was shown that some CYP isoforms have been subject to positive selection. However, it is unknown whether the highly conserved phase I detoxification enzyme, FMO, has undergone similar positive Darwinian selection. We used maximum-likelihood models of codon substitution, evolutionary fingerprinting, and cross species comparison to investigate the occurrence of adaptive evolution in FMO sequences. We used recent genomic data from a range of species, including vertebrates and invertebrates. We present the evidence for the occurrence of adaptive evolution in mammalian FMO 3, 4, 5, and fugu FMOs but not in mammalian FMO 1, FMO 2, frog FMOs, other fish FMOs and invertebrate FMOs. The sites under adaptive evolution were significantly associated with the insertion domain in mammalian FMO 5. We identified specific amino acid sites in FMOs 3–5 that are likely targets for selection based on the patterns of parallel amino acid change. The most likely role of adaptive evolution is the repair of mutations that permitted optimal NADP+ binding and improved catalytic efficiency. The occurrence of positive selection during the evolution of phase I detoxification enzymes such as FMOs 3–5 and fugu FMO suggests the occurrence of both high selection pressure acting on species within their unique habitats and significant changes in intensity and direction (forms of xenobiotics and drugs) resulting from changes in microhabitat and food.     

湖北地区人群的CYP2D6二倍体多态性基因分析

使用长模板PCR方法检测 2 2 3例湖北地区人群中CYP2D6二倍体 .在被检人群中 ,CYP2D6二倍体的基因频率为 2 .7% .检测到 6例CYP2D6二倍体 ,基因型分别为 1× 2 (3/ 6 ) , 2× 2 (2 / 6 ) ; 10× 2 (1/ 6 ) .表明湖北地区人群中CYP2D6二倍体的基因频率比其他地区中国人群稍高     

Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the microsomal S-oxidation of thiobenzamide

Summary Superoxide dismutase, catalase and methional proved capable of inhibiting the microsomal oxidation of thiobenzamide, which is most probably catalyzed by the flavin-containing monooxygenase. This indicates that excited oxygen species (e. g.·O ₂ ^– , H₂O₂, ·OH) are involved in the catalytic cycle of this enzymatic reaction. CO, which inhibits the cytochrome P-450-dependent oxygen radical formation, had no effect on the oxidation reaction, suggesting that the source of the reactive oxygen species is not the microsomal mixed-function oxidase.     

环己酮单加氧酶的克隆表达及酶学性质分析

为研究鞘氨醇杆菌中环己酮单加氧酶的催化特性,从N.aromaticivorans DSM 12444基因组DNA克隆表达了一个编码环己酮单加氧酶的基因chmo,并分析了该基因产物的酶学性质.该基因全长1650bp,编码550个氨基酸,理论分子量为61.6kDa.将携带此基因的重组质粒pET28a-chmo转入E.coli BL21(DE3)后,获得了62kDa左右的表达产物.重组环己酮单加氧酶(CHMO)能氧化芳香族硫醚及其衍生物、链式硫醚、其他硫醚和酮类等底物,以2-氯乙基苯基硫醚为底物时活力最高(25.65U/mg).CHMO最适反应温度和pH分别为55℃和8.87,倾向于利用NADPH作辅酶.上述结果表明,重组CHMO是一个新型的环己酮单加氧酶,推测其与硫醚及酮类物质的氧化降解有关.     

赤红球菌JDM312环己酮单加氧酶的原核表达及检测

通过酶切法从重组质粒pUC18-chnB中得到编码环己酮单加氧酶的chnB基因序列,将其定向插入原核表达载体pQE30中,构建重组质粒pQE30-chnB,转化到大肠杆菌BL21中并诱导表达目的蛋白,用SDS-PAGE电泳检测表达产物.测序结果表明chnB基因大小为1 623bp,编码由540个氨基酸残基构成的多肽.S...     

生物催化的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应研究

生物转化具有底物选择性、立构选择性、化学选择性、对映选择性等一般化学反应中不具备的优点，在精细化工中占有很大的优势，其中Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应在生物转化中占有很重要的地位，产生的许多中间体或产物可以被用来生产多种化学产品和药物，在工业生物催化中有很好的应用前景。本文主要对生物转化中的Baeyer-Villiger氧化反应在利用酶或细胞作为催化剂时存在的问题和解决方法以及基因技术的运用近况进行了综述。     

N-苯基异羟肟酸过渡金属配合物仿生氧载体研究

考查了N -苯基异羟肟酸过渡金属配合物ML12 ～ML4 2 [M =Co(Ⅱ ) ,Cu(Ⅱ ) ,Mn(Ⅲ )Cl]的二氧亲和性和仿生催化氧化性能 制备了种二氧加合物 [CoL3 2 ·O2 ·Py]·H2 O ,并以元素分析 ,IR和TG分析表征 .测定了它们的氧合反应平衡常数和相应的热力学参数ΔHo、ΔSo.模拟单加氧酶 ,研究了锰 (Ⅲ )配合物对苯乙烯的催化环氧化 .讨论了分子结构对二氧亲和性和催化环氧化性能的影响 .     

Enzymatic hydroxylation of aromatic compounds

Selective hydroxylation of aromatic compounds is among the most challenging chemical reactions in synthetic chemistry and has gained steadily increasing attention during recent years, particularly because of the use of hydroxylated aromatics as precursors for pharmaceuticals. Biocatalytic oxygen transfer by isolated enzymes or whole microbial cells is an elegant and efficient way to achieve selective hydroxylation. This review gives an overview of the different enzymes and mechanisms used to introduce oxygen atoms into aromatic molecules using either dioxygen (O₂) or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) as oxygen donors or indirect pathways via free radical intermediates. In this context, the article deals with Rieske-type and α-keto acid-dependent dioxygenases, as well as different non-heme monooxygenases (di-iron, pterin, and flavin enzymes), tyrosinase, laccase, and hydroxyl radical generating systems. The main emphasis is on the heme-containing enzymes, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and peroxidases, including novel extracellular heme-thiolate haloperoxidases (peroxygenases), which are functional hybrids of both types of heme-biocatalysts. Received 11 August, 2006; received after revision 28 September 2006; accepted 9 November 2006     

Microsomal cytochrome P450 and eicosanoid metabolism

The demonstration of a role for microsomal P450 in the metabolism of endogenous pools of arachidonic acid established this enzyme system as a member of the arachidonic acid cascade and characterized a new an important metabolic function for this enzyme system. Studies from several laboratories documenting the powerful biological activities of the P450-derived eicosanoids have suggested important roles for the P450 arachidonic acid monooxygenase in renal and vascular physiology, and in the pathophysiology of experimental hypertension. These studies provide significant evidence to indicate that in addition to its recognized traditional toxicological and pharmacological roles, microsomal P450s also play important physiological roles in the control of tissue and body homeostasis.     

西藏胡黄连根状茎差异表达基因的筛选及分析

 西藏胡黄连是著名的濒危西藏药材, 其粗壮的根茎部是重要的合成和储存药用萜类物质器官,萜类含量显著高于叶部。为克隆西藏胡黄连根状茎和叶的差异表达基因,利用抑制消减杂交技术,构建了根状茎特定的抑制消减文库。从该SSH文库中随机挑取片段不一的阳性克隆测序,采用Blastx进行同源比对,获得了27个表达序列标签（EST）,并获登录号。序列统计分析结果表明,其中有11个EST在GenBank中无同源性序列,推测可能是新基因片断。蛋白质功能分类结果表明,这些蛋白质与翻译、能量代谢、转运与结合、细胞膜合成、氨基酸生物合成及中间代谢6大类蛋白功能有关。为深入研究与萜类生物合成直接或间接相关基因,选择了长595 bp的差异表达EST序列EX172715进行了同源比对和蛋白系统进化分析。结果表明,EX172715具有细胞色素P450单加氧酶的特征结构,与拟南芥的细胞色素P450单加氧酶蛋白的同源性高于水稻和小麦。提供了一组与西藏胡黄连次生代谢相关的新基因库。