从范德华力理论看Grunwald-Winstein方程中的Y因子

应用范德华力理论,导出了动力学介质效应公式.以叔丁基氯在水—乙醇、水—甲醇、水—二氧六环和水—丙酮体系中的溶剂解反应为研究对象,分析、讨论了Grunwald-Winstein方程中Y因子的具体内容,理论计算的Y值与文献值具有较好的一致性.     

3~k元域上的三次方程根的简况

Ｆ是一个３ｋ元域，ｘ３＋ａｘ２＋ｂｘ＋ｃ＝０是Ｆ上的三次方程。该文证明方程ｘ３＋ａｘ２＋ｂｘ＋ｃ＝０在Ｆ中有一根，或一根与二重根，或三个互异的根，或没有根。     

含第三对称平均值比的一个不等式及其应用

借助于数学归纳法建立了含第三对称平均值比的一个不等式 ,并将此结果用于正定矩阵 ,获得了一个有趣的结果 .     

Bromocriptine-induced removal of endoplasmic membranes from prolactinoma cells

Summary Adenomatous prolactin cells lose 39% of their cytoplasm volume within 7 days after the beginning of bromocriptine treatment. A simultaneous reduction of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus occurs. Their membranes are removed by rapid transport along the secretory pathway to the cell surface and to lysosomal destruction.We thank Prof. E. del Pozo, Sandoz Ltd, Basle, for the generous gift of injectable bromocriptine, Prof. E.R. Weibel, Dept. of Anatomy, University of Bern, for his technical advice, Dr U. Helfenstein, Institute of Biostatistics, University of Zürich, for his help in the statistical evaluation of the results and the EMDO-Foundation, Zürich, for financial support.     

Selective protection of cells against X-irradiation. Isoproterenol protects only those cells that possesβ-adrenoreceptors

Summary In mixed culture of Chinese hamster fibroblatst, clone 431, and transformed murine L fibroblasts, clone B-82, isoproterenol was found to protect only 431 cells against ionizing radiation. It was shown that 431 cells, in contrast to B-82 cells, possess-adrenoreceptors, and the radioprotective effect of isoproterenol can be realized only if this agent interacts with-adrenoreceptors coupled with the cAMP system. Since malignization often causes the disappearance of-adrenergic and other hormone receptors, the combined culturing and irradiation of the cells studied can be regarded as a model of the growth of malignant cells (B-82) among normal tissue cells (431 cells) under conditions of radiation therapy. A possibility of selective protection against radiation damage of normal tissue cells, with retention of the former radiosensitivity of tumor cells, is discussed.     

Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection

Summary Quantitative genetic models of sexual selection have disporven some of the central tenets of both the handicap mechanism and the sexy son hypothesis. These results suggest that the good genes approach to sexual selection may generally lead to erroneous results.Runaway sexual selection seems possible under a wide variety of circumstances. Quantittive genetic models have revealed runaway processes for sexually selected attributes expressed in both sexes and for attributes of parental care. Furthermore, the runaway could occur simultaneously in a series of populations that straddle an environmental gradient. While the models support the feasibility of runaway processes, empirical studies are needed to evaluate whether runaways actually happen. Estimates of critical genetic parameters are particularly needed, as well as measures of natural and sexual selection acting on the same population.The models also show that sexual selection has tremendous potential to produce population differentiation, particularly in epigamic traits. Differentiation is promoted by indeterminancy of evolutionary outcome, transient differences among populations during the final slow approach to equilibrium, sampling drift among equilibrium populations, and the tendency of sexual selection to amplify geographic variation arising from spatial differences in natural selection. Recent work with two- and three-locus models of sexual selection has produced results that parallel the results of the polygenic models^36–38,58. Thus the feature of indeterminate equilibria (outcome dependent on initial conditions) is common to both types of model.     

Energy flow and community structure in freshwater ecosystems

The goal of this article is twofold: 1) It aims at providing an overview on some major results obtained from energy flow studies in individuals, populations, and communities, and 2) it will also focus on major mechanisms explaining community structures. The basis for any biological community to survive and establish a certain population density is on the one hand energy fixation by primary producers together with adequate nutrient supply and the transfer of energy between trophic levels (bottom-up effect). On the other hand, predator pressures may strongly control prey population densities one or more trophic levels below (top-down effect). Other interpopulation effects include competition, chemical interactions and evolutionary genetic processes, which further interact and result in the specific structuring of any community with respect to species composition and population sizes.     

与星（m,r）——正交的（g,f）——因子分解

设ｇ和ｆ是定义图Ｇ的顶点集Ｖ（Ｇ）上的整值函数。本文证明了如下结果：设ｒ是一个正整数,Ｇ是一个（ｍｇ＋ｍ－１,ｍｆ－ｍ＋１）—图,且ｇ（ｘ）≥ｒ－１,对ｘ∈Ｖ（Ｇ）。若Ｈ是Ｇ的一个有ｍｒ条边的星,则Ｇ有（ｇ,ｆ）—因子分解与Ｈ（ｍ,ｒ）—正交。     

金华地区虎纹蛙消化道形态解剖学观察

对金华地区虎纹蛙消化道各部进行了形态解剖学观察.结果表明:虎纹蛙消化道较为明显地分为口咽腔、食道、胃、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、直肠和泄殖腔.同时,对其主要的消化腺肝脏和胰脏进行了观察与测量.观察分析表明虎纹蛙消化道的结构与其食性是相适应的.