急性纯氧对SD大鼠损伤的研究

SD大鼠暴露于1ATA100％的急性纯氧中,对其血细胞和肺脏进行研究,以阐明急性纯氧对机体的损伤机制．结果表明：SD大鼠暴露于100％急性纯氧中不同时间,血液中红细胞的浓度（RBC）,红细胞压积（HCT）,血红蛋白浓度（HGB）,平均红细胞血红蛋白含量（MCH）,平均红细胞体积（MCV）,平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度（MCHC）,白细胞浓度（WBC）等无显著变化（P＞0．05）;但是,白细胞的分类变化显著（P＜0．05）或非常显著（P＜0.01或P＜0．001）,淋巴细胞随SD大鼠在急性纯氧中暴露的时间延长不断下降,中性粒细胞和单核细胞的总数不断升高．急性氧中暴露65小时后,20％的大鼠死亡,存活的大鼠解剖,发现肺部出现严重的炎症,肺的湿重．脂质过氧化（LPO）产物显著增加（P＜0．001）,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力明显下降（P＜0．001）．     

自制靶向超声造影剂兔肾炎症组织显像实验研究

为探讨自制靶向超声造影剂对兔肾炎症组织显像的增强效果,建立兔缺血再灌注损伤肾模型,用自制靶向超声造影剂行声学造影,谐波显像观察造影前后6只兔缺血再灌注损伤肾和6只对照兔正常肾实质回声强度变化.结果表明:造影后两组兔肾实质回声均增强,造影前后缺血再灌注损伤肾和对照组正常肾实质灰阶值(GS)差值分别为25.88±4.04和9.98±1.96(p<0.001).自制靶向超声造影剂可显著增强兔肾炎症组织显像.     

Integrin antagonists

Integrins are a family of cell surface glycoproteins that mediate numerous cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and are involved in biological processes such as tissue morphogenesis, leukocyte recirculation and migration, wound healing, blood clotting and immune response. Aberrant cell adhesion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including a number of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and asthma, as well as cancer and coronary heart disease. As such integrins are seen as excellent targets for the development of therapeutic agents. This report begins with an examination of the structure of integrin molecules and their ligands and then goes on to review the current state of development of antiintegrin antagonists. Received 13 April 1999; received after revision 28 May 1999; accepted 28 May 1999     

Statins: the new aspirin?

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, have been described as the principal and the most effective class of drug to reduce serum cholesterol levels. Statin therapies have been shown to reduce cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and death, significantly, by altering vascular atherosclerosis development in patients with or without coronary artery disease symptoms. Extensive use of statins has led to the increase of some undesirable effects that are heavily counterbalanced by the benefits. Indeed, pleiotropic effects extend far beyond cholesterol reduction and involve non-lipid-related mechanisms that modify endothelial functions, immunoinflammatory responses, smooth muscle cell activation, proliferation and migration, atherosclerotic plaque stability, and thrombus formation. In this review, we describe in detail the targets and mechanisms of action of statins. Received 6 June 2002; received after revision 6 September 2002; accepted 6 September 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author.     

Polyisoprenyl phosphates: natural antiinflammatory lipid signals

Lipoxins (LX) and aspirin-triggered 15-epimer LX are leukocyte-derived eicosanoids generated during host defense that serve as down-regulatory signals. The specific intracellular events that govern cellular responses to inhibitory extracellular signals are of wide interest in order to understand pivotal intracellular events in diseases characterized by enhanced inflammatory responses, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. We recently uncovered a novel role for polyisoprenyl phosphates, in particular presqualene diphosphate (PSDP), as natural down-regulatory signals in human neutrophils that directly inhibit phospholipase D and superoxide anion generation. Activation of LXA₄ receptors (ALXR) reverses proinflammatory receptor-initiated decrements in PSDP and inhibits cellular responses. These findings represent evidence for a novel paradigm for lipid-protein interactions in the control of cellular responses, namely receptor-initiated degradation of repressor lipids that is subject to regulation by aspirin treatment via the actions of aspirin-triggered 15-epimer LX at the ALXR, and identify new templates for antiinflammatory drugs by design.     

Programmed cell clearance

Apoptosis, a physiological process of self-annihilation, is essential during development and for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Considerable efforts have been made in recent years to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that govern this mode of cellular demise; however, the subsequent recognition and removal of apoptotic corpses by neighboring phagocytes has received less attention. Nevertheless, macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cells is known to be important in the remodeling of tissues, and contributes to the resolution of inflammation through the removal of effete cells prior to the release of noxious cellular constituents. Moreover, apoptotic cells are a potential source of self-antigens, and clearance of cell corpses is thought to preclude the induction of autoimmune responses. The view is thus emerging that tissue homeostasis is dependent not only on the balance between mitosis and apoptosis, but also on the rate of apoptosis versus that of cell clearance. This review aims to discuss the mechanisms and consequences of macrophage recognition and disposal of apoptotic cells, a process which will be referred to as programmed cell clearance.Received 16 April 2003; received after revision 22 May 2003; accepted 26 May 2003     

Viewpoints on the proinflammation state of leukemia

Proinflammation represents a pathophysiological state on the early stage of a number of diseases, especially the infectious and immunological ones. In recent years, proinflammation has attracted much attention, and the term 損roinflammation factors?appears frequently in the literature. While investigating leukemia and leukemic cells from the angle of 損roinflammation state? we got some intriguing findings, e.g. we detected the significantly elevated expression of proinflammation factor IL-18 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which could up-regulate matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). The increased MMP may play a role in the aggressiveness of myeloid leukemic cells, and be associated with a poor prognosis. This phenomenon reflects an ignored aspect of leukemia. Investigations from the angle of 損roinflammation state?have broaden the fields of tumor and leukemia study.     

Introduction: integrins, dynamic cell receptors

Integrins are a family of adhesive receptors consisting of α- and β-subunits which attach cells together via adhesive protein ligands or bind cells to extracellular matrix. They are found on virtually all cell types and link the external ligand to the cytoskeleton of the cell. Integrins also act as signal transducers both from the outside of the cell to the interior and also inside-out. Their main functions are in recognition and in tight but regulated binding. The series of reviews presented here cover both basic aspects of integrin function, including signal transduction, snake disintegrins and structure and function of I-domains in some integrin α-subunits, as well as the role of integrins in diseases, cancer, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. The search for suitable inhibitors of integrins for treatment of these diseases and future prospects for their use are also discussed.     

纳米材料毒性机制及其影响因素

纳米材料以其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用到工农业和人们生活的各个领域,随着纳米材料的生产加工和使用,纳米材料可以经过大气循环、水循环、生物循环进入生态环境,进而侵染生物体,影响人类健康.因此,纳米材料的毒性问题日益受到人们的关注,而纳米材料毒性机制和影响因素是纳米材料毒性研究的热点问题之一.目前,氧化应激和炎症反应是解释纳米材料毒性的两种主要机制,此外,越来越多的研究表明自噬也是纳米材料毒性的一种潜在机制,并且自噬可能与氧化应激和炎症反应相互关联.另一方面,纳米材料的物理化学性质如尺寸、形状、表面修饰等对其毒性产生重要影响.本文首先概括了纳米颗粒进入环境及侵染生物体的方式,分析纳米材料引起生物和环境毒性的机制,最后对影响纳米材料毒性的因素进行深入探讨,以期为纳米毒理学研究提供帮助.     

金黄色葡萄球菌所致的感染

金黄色葡萄球菌（ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓａｕｒｅｕｓ）是引起皮肤粘膜化脓性感染常见的细菌。传播途径主要为受损皮肤及有裂隙的粘膜或因摄食含有肠毒素的食物和吸入染菌尘埃而致病，引起皮肤软组织感染、肺炎、心内膜炎、脑膜炎、骨髓炎、败血症、肠炎、中毒性休克综合症等。本文概论基层医疗单位金葡菌所致的几种主要感染病症的发病及治疗。