末次间冰期全球变化区域响应的粒度旋回———萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面记录

位于毛乌素沙漠东南的萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期层系记录了8．5个古风成砂与河湖相和古土壤构成的显著的粗细韵律交替变化粒度旋回．通过对不同沉积相粒度的一般分布特征尤其是粒度参数-Mz、σ、Sk、Kg和SC／D值以及该地生物化石指示的古环境综合分析，认为所述粒度旋回主要是东亚冬夏古代季风交替影响下的气候旋回波动所致。     

大粒径碎石桩在饱和超软土地基中的应用

对广东省西江下游航道整治工程中不排水抗剪强度7~15 kPa的淤泥土地基进行了碎石桩现场试验,得出了采用大粒径碎石桩加固不排水抗剪强度小于20 kPa软土地基的合理施工控制参数:碎石填料主要粒径为5~15 cm;充盈系数为1.4~1.6;密实电流大于50A;留振时间为5~15 s.现场桩径检测、动力触探试验和复合地基大型直剪试验结果表明,采用大粒径碎石桩加固超软土地基是可行的,大粒径碎石桩对增强地基土的抗剪强度和提高软土地基承载力十分有效.     

Sedimentation processes and sedimentary characteristics of tidal bores along the north bank of the Qiantang Estuary

A tidal bore is a unique Earth surface process, characterized by its highly destructive energy, predictable periodicities and magni-tudes, and the production of characteristic sedimentary features. Tidal bores and associated rapid flood flows are highly turbulent flows of the upper-flow regime with a velocity over several meters per second. Reynolds (Re) and Froude (Fr) numbers, respectively, are larger than 104 and 1.0, making them significantly different from regular tidal flows but analogous to turbidity currents. Until now, understanding of tidal-bore depositional processes and products has been limited because of the difficulty and hazards involved with gauging tidal bores directly. The Qiantang bore is known as the largest breaking bore in the world. Field surveys were carried out in May 2010, along the north bank of the Qiantang Estuary to observe the occurrence of peak bores, including regular observations of current, water level and turbidity at the main channel. Several short cores were sampled on the intertidal flats to study the characteristic sedimentary features of tidal bores. Hydrodynamic and sedimentological studies show that the processes of sediment resuspension, transport and deposition are controlled primarily by the tidal bores, and the subsequent abruptly accelerated and decelerated flood flows, which only account for one tenth of each semidiurnal tidal cycle in the estuary. Tidal-bore deposits are generally poorly sorted because of rapid sedimentation after highly mixed suspension by intense turbulence. This behavior is characteristic of the absence of tractive-current depositional components in a C-M diagram. It also goes along with well-developed massive bedding, graded bedding, basal erosion structures, convolute bedding and dewatering structures. Together, these sedimentary features can constitute fingerprinting of turbidites, widely distributed in the deep-water environment. However, a tidal bore is triggered by intensely deformed tidal waves propagating into a shallow-water environment, which returns to regular tidal flows rapidly after the passage of the bore head. The tidal-bore deposits are usually bounded by the intertidal-flat deposits with typical tidal beddings at the top and on both flanks. The difference between tidal-bore deposits (TBD) and tidal sandy/muddy deposits (TSD/TMD) is evident not only in sedimentary structures, but also in the grain-size composition. They can be clearly distinguished in grain-size bivariate plots, typically the plot of mean grain size vs. standard deviation (or sorting). Some trend variations generally exist in mean grain size with TBD>TSD>TMD, sorting with TMD>TBD>TSD (larger value indicating poorer sorting), and both skewness and kurtosis with TSD>TBD>TMD. These findings will undoubtedly shed new light on our understanding of tidal-bore sedimentology, ancient tidal-bore sedimentary facies and environments, and related oil-and-gas field prospecting.     

陕北沙黄土区现代侵蚀过程及其成因

本文根据野外考察,指出陕北沙黄土区的现代土壤侵蚀过程表现为风、水两相营力的共同作用,形成的地表形态具有风成和水成的双重性特征,在区域分布上具有交错性.这是由营力的季节性强弱对比和地表组成物质的区域差异所形成的.区内主要地面物质沙黄土可以分为细沙质沙黄土和粉沙质沙黄土,二者对风力和流水的抗侵蚀性不同.     

中国北方新近纪红黏土记录的古气候意义——与动物群化石序列对比

目的研究中国北方新近纪红黏土序列的古气候演化特征。方法对中国北方4个新近纪红黏土剖面沉积物的粒度、磁化率和化石动物群时间序列进行区域对比。结果黄土高原新近纪红黏土沉积以来发生了5次大的气候事件,气候事件的分界线在粒度、磁化率年龄曲线上特征明显,反映的气候特点与化石动物群演替性质完全一致。结论中国北方新近纪红黏土序列古气候演化过程的气候事件均与青藏高原隆升和东亚季风的发展相联系。时间上,南北气候演化事件基本同步;空间上,北部较南部地区变化剧烈。5次气候事件从下到上表现为半湿润、半干旱、湿润、干旱与湿润交替、干旱的气候演化特征;相应动物群生态类型表现为草原-疏林草原、草原为主的疏林草原、森林、草原荒漠与森林交替到草原的演化特点。     

Test of magnetic susceptibility and grain-size age models of loess

Ages of the stratigraphic boundary MIS1/2 and MIS3/4 of the Yuanbu loess section in Linxia are used as the basis of the nodal control age. The age of MIS1/2 and MIS3/4 are obtained from the latest international research result—the climatic events recorded in the stalagmite in the Hulu Cave in Nanjing, that MIS1/2 is 11.5 kaB.P. and MIS3/4 is 59.8 kaB.P.. The ages of the two climatic events contain three nodal age control models (Model 1: 0 kaB.P.—59.8 kaB.P.; Model 2: 0 kaB.P.—11.5 kaB.P. and 11.5 kaB.P.—59.8 kaB.P.; Model 3: 11.5 kaB.P.—59.8 kaB.P.), which are used as the nodal control age separately. The deposition times of various stratigraphic horizons are calculated by using the magnetic susceptibility age model and grain-size age model, and then compared with each other. In addition, the AMS14C age, OSL age and the ages of YD and H events are compared with the ages of the corresponding horizons calculated by the three models of nodal control ages. From the analyses of lithologic characters and climatic stages it has been found that both the magnetic susceptibility age model and the grain-size age model have some defects. Because the accurate control ages are selected as the nodal points of the glacial period or interglacial period, the stratigraphic deposition times determined by the high resolution of magnetic susceptibility age model and grain-size age model approximate to the actual ages. As for the relative accuracy of the two age models, the magnetic susceptibility age model is more accurate than the grain-size age model.     

Test of magnetic susceptibility and grain-size age models of loess

Ages of the stratigraphic boundary MIS1/2 and MIS3/4 of the Yuanbu loess section in Linxia are used as the basis of the nodal control age. The age of MIS1/2 and MIS3/4 are obtained from the latest international research result—the climatic events recorded in the stalagmite in the Hulu Cave in Nanjing, that MIS1/2 is 11.5 kaB.P. and MIS3/4 is 59.8 kaB.P.. The ages of the two climatic events contain three nodal age control models (Model 1: 0 kaB.P.—59.8 kaB.P.; Model 2: 0 kaB.P.—11.5 kaB.P. and 11.5 kaB.P.—59.8 kaB.P.; Model 3: 11.5 kaB.P.—59.8 kaB.P.), which are used as the nodal control age separately. The deposition times of various stratigraphic horizons are calculated by using the magnetic susceptibility age model and grain-size age model, and then compared with each other. In addition, the AMS14C age, OSL age and the ages of YD and H events are compared with the ages of the corresponding horizons calculated by the three models of nodal control ages. From the analyses of lithologic characters and climatic stages it has been found that both the magnetic susceptibility age model and the grain-size age model have some defects. Because the accurate control ages are selected as the nodal points of the glacial period or interglacial period, the stratigraphic deposition times determined by the high resolution of magnetic susceptibility age model and grain-size age model approximate to the actual ages. As for the relative accuracy of the two age models, the magnetic susceptibility age model is more accurate than the grain-size age model.     

X射线衍射对离子束混合形成硅化物品粒度的研究

用X衍射测定了离子束混合所形成铂硅化物的衍射线宽,并计算出了其晶粒大小.发现混合时的注入剂量和后退火温度都会影响其晶粒大小.     

汉江上游谷地黄褐土粒度组成特征及其意义

对汉江上游谷地河流一级阶地上黄褐土的粒度组成进行了分析.结果显示:剖面下部黄土的粒度参数数值(σ=1.72,Kg=1.03,S=1.15)和粒度分布曲线与古土壤的参数(σ=1.73,Kg=1.03,S=1.15)和曲线一致,而与区内典型洪水滞流沉积物洪水SWD(σ=1.9,Kg=1.10,S=1.20)不同;在粒度成分三角图中,黄土和古土壤集中落在小的区域内,而洪水SWD呈分散分布;黄土的Y值均小于—2.741 1,而洪水SWD大多数样品Y值大于—2.741 1.这证明汉江上游谷地古土壤S0继承了黄土的基本特征,两者具有风成堆积物的特性.与渭河谷地典型黄土对比,汉江上游谷地的黄土粒度与其十分相似,说明二者具有同源性.     

泥石流堆积区粒度分布及分形结构特征

为研究泥石流堆积物粒度分布及分形结构特征,通过对泥石流堆积区现场调查和颗粒分析试验,采用统计图解法和粒度分维法分析泥石流堆积区堆积特征、粒度分形结构特征及与颗粒级配的关系。结果表明:泥石流堆积区具有集中性的特点;泥石流堆积区颗粒具有很好的分形特征,堆积区中右侧分维值均值与堆积区分维值均值接近;泥石流堆积形成由晚至早分维值逐渐减小;堆积物土粒大小级配连续性较好,分维值与不均匀系数和曲率系数均呈正相关。可见泥石流堆积区粒度的相关研究对研究泥石流形成机理及指导泥石流防治具有重要的意义。