Interactional expertise through the looking glass: a peek at mirror neurons

Interactional expertise is here to stay. Undoubtedly, in some sense of the word, one can attain a linguistic expert level within a field without full scale practical immersion. In the context of the idea of embodied cognition, the claim is provocative. How can an interactional expert acquire full linguistic competence without the simultaneous bodily engagement and real life interaction needed to get the language right? How can one understand the concept of hammering if one has never seen a hammer or felt the weight of the iron head on a fragile thumb? Here I will explore a strange and second-hand way in which bodily engagement could have an impact on our linguistic abilities; this is via the so called mirror neuron system. Since the mirror neuron system blurs the distinction between first and third person activity it can help us understand some of the enigmatic aspects of interactional expertise and pose further questions for research.     

They give you the keys and say ‘drive it!’ Managers, referred expertise, and other expertises

On the face of it, the directors of new large scientific projects have an impossible task. They have to make technical decisions about sciences in which they have never made a research contribution—sciences in which they have no contributory expertise. Furthermore, these decisions must be accepted and respected by the scientists who are making research contributions. The problem is discussed in two interviews conducted with two directors of large scientific projects. The paradox is resolved for the managers by their use of interactional and referred expertise. The same analysis might be applicable to management in general. An Appendix, co-authored with Jeff Shrager, compares the notion of referred expertise with contributory expertise.     

论合格译者应具备的条件

翻译是当前最具活力的工作之一。作为合格的翻译者应该具备六个条件,即政治条件,道德条件,专业条件,百科知识条件,计算机知识条件和身体条件,做到治学严谨,态度端正,善思博学,开拓创新。     

Expertise及相关术语的译名商榷——兼谈外来术语汉译原则

术语对于一个学科的发展具有重要意义。通过追溯expertise及相关认知心理学术语的源起,分析其现有汉语译名的不足,认为外来术语汉译应遵循四项原则:准确性、专业性、可读性和一致性。据此,对该术语及相关术语的译名进行商榷论证,进而探讨四原则的内涵与相互关系。     

The evolution of a trading zone: a case study of the turtle excluder device

This paper explores the evolution of a trading zone by organizing the case study of turtle excluder devices within the model proposed by Collins et al. (2007). The case study offers evidence that trading zones do evolve and that the concepts of enforced and fractionated trading zones hold practical utility for describing and defining the complexities of actual exchanges. In this case a trading zone evolved from enforced to fractionated and ultimately diverged into two trading zones. For each step of the evolution I describe the forces that drove these transitions. Finally, I present an adapted trading zone model that is conceptually a better fit for the turtle excluder device case study.     

C2C环境下感知在线评论与初始信任的调节因素

对网上卖家缺乏初始信任已经成为顾客选择网上购物的一个主要障碍.通过对C2C网上购物环境下的顾客进行问卷调查,探讨感知在线客户评论与顾客初始信任之间的影响因素,挖掘顾客专业能力和产品参与的调节效应.研究发现顾客专业能力对评论质量与顾客初始信任,以及评论者专业能力与顾客初始信任之间的关系具有调节作用;产品参与对评论质量、评论数量和评论者专业能力与初始信任之间的关系具有调节作用.     

科学元勘的第三波及其争论述评

本文评述了关于公众参与科技决策的一场学术争论。柯林斯等认为，科学知识社会学对公众参与科技决策的支持过于宽泛，导致了“对技术决策的参与应该扩展多远？”这样的疑问。他们提出，科学元勘应当面向决策实践，放弃单纯描述性的工作和消极解构，转向考察专识的认识论特征，及其内容、结构、类别和功能，以重新理解决策中专家和外行的划界，为筛选适当的专家和公众参与决策提供依据。批评者认为。这个理论框架误读和抛弃了科学知识社会学的基本结论，是科学主义的和还原论的，是向传统的专家治理结构的倒退。他们站在社会建构论和认识论多元主义的立场上，分别从对决策问题、专家和专识的社会建构、对合法性问题的理解等方面提出了激烈的批评。     

新手抉择专家意见的依据是什么?

在科学实践和生活世界中，面对一个问题，当两个专家给出不一致或相；中突的专家意见时，外行或新手是否能够又如何能够获得辩护地相信一个专家意见而不是另一个专家意见?     

医院开展法医临床司法鉴定工作浅探

从医学鉴定与法医学鉴定的概念界定入手,探讨了医院开展法医临床司法鉴定工作的管理思路。     

How to think about shared norms and pluralism without circularity: A reply to Anna Leuschner

Anna Leuschner argues that there is problematic circularity in Helen Longino's approach that postulates the existence of some shared norms as a necessary precondition for well-functioning pluralistic communities. As an alternative, Leuschner proposes to approach the establishing of more pluralistic communities through political means on a case-by-case basis, taking relevant epistemic and political factors into account. In this paper, I argue that there is an alternative understanding of norms that avoids circularity. I do so by drawing on Isabelle Peschard's discussion of shared practice. I go on to show that norms, so understood, are important in the cases where a political decision may not alone be sufficient for establishing a successful community. Specifically, I discuss pluralistic communities that include laypersons in possession of relevant expertise as an example.