真核生物异染色质生化组成及超微结构研究进展

概述了异染色质生化组成及其在超微结构方面的研究进展，着重介绍了着丝粒的异染色质超微结构研究。     

Histories of molecules: Reconciling the past

Molecular data and methods have become centrally important to evolutionary analysis, largely because they have enabled global phylogenetic reconstructions of the relationships between organisms in the tree of life. Often, however, molecular stories conflict dramatically with morphology-based histories of lineages. The evolutionary origin of animal groups provides one such case. In other instances, different molecular analyses have so far proved irreconcilable. The ancient and major divergence of eukaryotes from prokaryotic ancestors is an example of this sort of problem. Efforts to overcome these conflicts highlight the role models play in phylogenetic reconstruction. One crucial model is the molecular clock; another is that of ‘simple-to-complex’ modification. I will examine animal and eukaryote evolution against a backdrop of increasing methodological sophistication in molecular phylogeny, and conclude with some reflections on the nature of historical science in the molecular era of phylogeny.     

高等真核生物中重叠基因研究

基因重叠是高等真核生物中一种普遍存在的基因组排现象．综述了高等真核生物中的重叠基因的分类、数量、互补或自然反义转录本（NATs）可能的生物特性和功能及重叠基因与人类疾病的关系．     

真核生物内含子数据库统计规律研究

根据GenBank的序列数据,构建了真核生物内含子数据库(EID).对EID统计规律的研究表明,数据库共有103 848个基因,478 484个内含子,582 332个外显子,平均每个基因有4.61个内含子,5.61个外显子,内含子长度为40～120个核苷酸的最多.对人、大鼠、小鼠、鸡、果蝇、线虫、拟南芥、玉米和裂殖酵母等9种模式生物的数据的统计分析表明,在真核生物中,并不是生物越高等,基因中的内含子数或外显子数就越大.进一步,对各种模式生物的基因组大小与内含子比例及内含子密度的关系、内含子相位、内含子剪接位点等特征进行了统计研究.     

Prediction of eukaryotic gene structures based on multilevel optimization

Computational gene structure prediction, which is valuable for finding new genes and understanding the composition of genomes, plays a very important role in various kinds of genome projects. For eukaryotic gene structures, however, the prediction accuracy of existing methods is still limited. This paper presents a method of predicting eukaryotic gene structures based on multilevel optimization. The complicated problem of predicting gene structure in eukaryotic DNA sequence containing multiple genes can be decomposed into a series of sub-problems at several levels with decreasing complexity, including the gene level (single-exon gene, multi-exon gene), the element level (exon, intron, etc.), and the feature level (functional site signals, codon usage preference, etc.). On the basis of this decomposition, a multilevel model for the prediction of complex gene structures is created by a multilevel optimization process, in which the models dealing with sub-problems at low complexity level are first optimized respectively, and then optimally combined together to form models for those sub-problems at higher complexity level. Based on the multilevel model, a dynamic programming algorithm is designed to search for optimal gene structures from DNA sequences, and a new program GeneKey (1.0) for the prediction of eukaryotic gene structures is developed. Testing results with widely used datasets demonstrate that the prediction accuracies of GeneKey (1.0) at the nucleotide level, exon level and gene level are all higher than that of the well known program GENSCAN. A web server of GeneKey(1.0) is available at http://infosci.hust.edu.cn     

轮状病毒非结构蛋白NSP4的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的表达分析

提取细胞培养的轮状病毒SA11株的基因组RNA,采用RT-PCR技术获得其非结构蛋白NSP4基因,克隆至毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K,转染毕赤酵母GS115株后,经甲醇诱导表达.结果发现,在上清中没有检测到目的蛋白,表达产物主要为包内表达.通过对不同克隆,不同表达条件进行比较,分析了重组NSP4包内表达的原因.对进一步选择最佳的表达方案奠定了基础.     

Lateral gene transfer in eukaryotes

Lateral gene transfer – the transfer of genetic material between species – has been acknowledged as a major mechanism in prokaryotic genome evolution for some time. Recently accumulating data indicate that the process also occurs in the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. However, there are large rate variations between groups of eukaryotes; animals and fungi seem to be largely unaffected, with a few exceptions, while lateral gene transfer frequently occurs in protists with phagotrophic lifestyles, possibly with rates comparable to prokaryotic organisms. Gene transfers often facilitate the acquisition of functions encoded in prokaryotic genomes by eukaryotic organisms, which may enable them to colonize new environments. Transfers between eukaryotes also occur, mainly into larger phagotrophic eukaryotes that ingest eukaryotic cells, but also between plant lineages. These findings have implications for eukaryotic genomic research in general, and studies of the origin and phylogeny of eukaryotes in particular.Received 3 December 2004; received after revision 24 January 2005; accepted 1 February 2005     

几类低等生物的核纤层与核纤层的起源进化研究

综合分析了本实验室多年来在几类具有重要进化地位的低等单位真核生物上进行的核纤层结构与成分的研究结果,并结合发育生物学等方面的资料,认为核纤层结构在真核细胞起源进化的初期即已起源形成,它的起源形成是“原核”进化成“真核”的重要前提条件之一;核纤层蛋白的起源分化过程应该是：首先起源产生Ｂ型蛋白,在此基础上分化出Ａ型蛋白,最后形成了现存高等真核细胞的核纤层蛋白家族。     

真核生物转录起始影响因子的研究进展

转录水平的调控是基因表达调控的主要方式．本文从染色质与转录激活、ＲＮＡ 聚合酶Ⅱ复合体以及转录起始因子等方面综述了目前关于转录起始影响因子的一些研究进展．     

简单并不代表原始：关于生物早期演化的一种新观点

１９７７年,Ｗｏｅｓｅ等［１］通过对细菌ｒＲＮＡ分析,提出了生物分类的三大界学说,即真核生物、古细菌和真细菌．Ｉｗａｂｅ等［２］对一种在生物三大界分岐之前就发生重复的ＡＴＰ酶基因分析,进一步推测古细菌与真核生物更为接近（图１ａ）．从图１ａ中还可以看出...