厦门海域中华白海豚定位click信号特性

对厦门海域中华白海豚的发声及信号特性进行研究,采用高频宽带数据记录系统获取了大量中华白海豚click信号,并利用Matlab软件和Excel 2007对这些信号进行时域和频域分析.结果表明:click信号通常以不同长度的序列形式出现,单个click信号长度分布在(33±4)μs;频谱能量分布广,低频至10kHz,高频达200kHz以上,具有单峰和双峰2种频谱结构,峰值频率、3dB带宽和10dB带宽分别为(113.3±16.3)、(48.3±14.2)和(113.3±16.4)kHz.中华白海豚click信号双峰的频率分布,为其在海底混响严重的浅海环境准确识别目标提供了保障.     

Relationship between echolocation frequency and body size in two species of hipposiderid bats

Frequencies of echolocation calls with maximum power of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats and Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats during searching phase were 74.1 and 92.1 kHz, respectively. Head-body length, forearm length and body mass of Himalayan leaf-nosed bats were 82.9 mm, 89.7 mm and 59.1 g, respectively; and the corresponding values of Horsfield’s leaf-nosed bats were 68.4 mm, 61.3 mm and 19.7 g, respectively. Echolocation frequency and the three parameters of body size, head-body length, forearm length and body mass, were all negatively correlated, and the correlation coefficients were −0.86, −1.58 and −2.19, respectively. This study thereby proved that echolocation frequency and body size were negatively correlated in the two species of hipposiderid bats.     

贵州省发现大足鼠耳蝠分布

记述了采自中国贵州安龙县的鼠耳蝠属(Myotis)的一种:大足鼠耳蝠Myotis rick-etti.为翼手目贵州省新纪录.提供了外形、头骨和牙齿的特征描述和比较,并介绍了大足鼠耳蝠的分布和生态习性.     

蝙蝠回声定位叫声的时频分析

大多蝙蝠回声定位叫声属于非平稳信号,目前大多专用商业软件采用短时傅立叶变换(STFT:Short Time Fourier Transform)对其进行分析.STFT存在时频分辨率不高的缺点,因此研究其它时频分析方法在蝙蝠回声定位叫声分析中的应用很有意义.以一大棕蝠(Eptesicus fuscus)回声定位叫声为例比较了几种时频分析方法的应用效果,为编写蝙蝠回声定位叫声信号分析软件选择一种合适的时频分析方法提供依据.     

4种蹄蝠回声定位声波特征与体型的相关性

对黄大蹄蝠,三叶蹄蝠,大蹄蝠与小蹄蝠四种蹄蝠的回声定位声波进行了分析,总结出蹄科蝙蝠的回声定位声波组成,频率,波长及持续时间等方面的特征,简要分析了回声定位声波特征与捕食区域的关系,选定头体长,前臂长和体质量为体型参数,采用Pearson方法的对蹄蝠科蝙蝠休型和回声定位频率之间的相关性进行分析。得出结论：蹄蝠的体型与回声定位声波呈明显的负相关,作出主频率－前臂长回归线,更直观地描述频率与前臂长之间的相关关系及变化趋势,并对相关性分析中产生误差的原因进行了分析与讨论。     

Effects of forward masking on the responses of the inferior collicular neurons in the big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus

The present study explores the forward masking of the two-tone stimuli in sequence that evoked responses in the inferior colliculns (IC) of the echolocating bats. The results indicate that forward masking is obvious in the acoustic responses of the IC neurons to the two-tone stimuli.Meanwhile the intensity sensitivity of the neurons responding to the probe increases with the inter-tone interval decreasing. The effects of forward masking are correlated with the relative intensity and the interval between the masker and probe. That is, the effects of forward masking are reduced with the masker intensity decreasing and enhanced with the probe intensity decreasing and the inter-tone interval shortened. The present study suggests that there is a correlation between the characteristics of the response to the probe and the dynamic conditions of the postsynaptic currents in the IC neurons.     

Correlation between echolocation calls and morphological features among three kinds of bats

The correlation between echolocation sound and morphological features of 18 species of bats, which are subordinated to 3 families including rhinolophidae, hipposideridae and vespertilionidae is studied. Pearson's correlation and regression analysis are adopted to analyze the correlations between noseleaf width (NW) and forearm length (FAL), NW and dominant frequency (DF), FAL and DF. The results show a positive correlation between NW and FAL and a negative correlation between NW and DF in Rhinolophidae. In each family, there is a negative correlation between FAL and DF. Some species have a higher or lower frequency than predicted one according to their body size. There are significant differences of the regression equation of FAL and DF among the three families. For the bats with the same body size, the order in frequency is: hipposiderid bats＞ rhinolophid bats＞ vespertilionid bats. The mechanism of interrelationship between FAL and DF of bats, the reason why these deviations occur in correlativity of the three families and the mechanism of the interaction between morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics are discussed.     

The tuning of moth ears

Summary The simple ears of months have responded evolutionarily to the varied levels of selection pressure exerted upon them by insectivorous bats. While frequency-matched (syntonic) bats exert the primary pressure that determines where a sypatric moth's best frequency (BF) lies, there are bats that echolocate in mismatched (allotonic) bandwidths forming selection pressures strong enough to warrant increased secondary sensitivity at these frequencies. It is unknown what neural mechanism is used by these insects to broaden their audiograms but for some neotropical moths, external hearing aids provide a mechanical means of obtaining this sensitivity. Recent studies have uncovered social uses for auditory systems in certain moths and these requirements may provide additional selection pressure. Auditory conditions exist in certain moths that should provide a means to study the evolution of this sensory system from its mechanoreceptor origins to its degeneration in the absence of bat predation.     

中国蝙蝠听觉和回声定位研究进展

蝙蝠在中国的种类丰富,共有7科31属117种,对其特殊的回声定位功能进行了分析研究．主要从回声定位蝙蝠的捕食策略,声通讯,听觉系统特化;回声定位和蝙蝠行为状态,生态位,体形,性别的关系;以及听觉的神经生理学和神经组织化学方面,对中国蝙蝠听觉和回声定位研究进展做了综述,提出了存在的问题,并对其研究方向进行了展望．     

毛腿鼠耳蝠回声定位声波的分析

毛腿鼠耳幅(Myotis fimbriatus)为中国特有编幅、在飞行及悬挂状态下发出的回声定位叫声为调频声．叫声主要包括2个谐波，其中第1谐波较强，飞行时第1谐波调频范围为39—93kHz，第2谐波调频范围为70—122kHz；叫声的持续时间10．6ms．结合回声定位叫声的声波特点分析，推断毛腿鼠耳幅多生活于阴暗潮湿、通风良好的山洞中，飞行速度轻侵，灵活性较差；多在树林的边缘或上空、农田、草地或水面上等不太复杂的近距离环境中捕食，捕食方式可能为空中捕食或掠食，捕食对象是中等大小的静止猎物，主要是双翅目的昆虫．