细胞型和染色体型与群体细胞遗传学

根据细胞遗传标记的特点，提出了细胞型和染色体型、平均细胞型和平均染色体型的概念及其频率的估计方法．通过对猪Ａｇ－ＮＯＲｓ（ｒＲＮＡ）基因的分析，发现（平均）细胞型频率和（平均）染色体型频率之间存在着类似于ＨａｒｄｙＷｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ定律的相互关系．平均染色体型频率的功用类似于基因频率，可用来表示群体的细胞遗传结构并进行群体间的遗传相似性分析．因此，建议在此基石出上开展动物的群体细胞遗传学研究．     

植物染色体C─带技术的应用进展

本文讨论了近十多年来植物染色体Ｃ－带技术在核型分析、物种亲缘关系鉴定、染色体组进化研究、染色体畸变鉴别、远缘杂种细胞学鉴定、染色体行为研究、基因定位等方面的应用进展。     

A method for chromosome preparations from large fish specimens using in vitro short-term treatment with colchicine

This paper describes a new technique for preparing mitotic fish chromosomes using short-term in vitro treatment with colchicine. The results show that a large number of good quality metaphases (many suitable for chromosome banding) can be obtained by this technique, which requires an average of 1 h and 30 min for all steps. The procedure considerably reduces the time normally required for chromosome preparations in fish.This work was supported by grants FUNCUNESP, FAPESP and CNPq.The authors are grateful to Mr Renato Devidé for technical assistance.     

The cytogenetics and fiber properties of an allohexaploid betweenGossypium hirsutum andG. somalense

Cytogenetics and fiber properties were studied on the Gossypium hirsutum×G. somalense F₂ hybrid and later generations. The cytological analyses of pollen mother cells (PMCs) were made at meiotic metaphase Ⅰ. The results indicated that the hybrid was a new allohexaploid, its chromosome number determined as 2n=6x=78, and genome group as 2[(AD)₁E₂]. Chromosomal configurations of the hexaploid averaged 0.15Ⅰ+ 38.72Ⅱ+ 0.11Ⅲ + 0.02Ⅳ per cell, 85.09% PMCs having 39 bivalents, and only 11.84% PMCs having 1 to 2 multivalents, indicating that heterogenetic recombinations of chromosomes occurs between (AD)₁ and E₂, nevertheless, the frequency is lower. The hexaploids are self-fertile and the progenies remain the hexaploids, whose fibers are light brown and have higher strength by measurement of HVI 900 system. The fiber strength increases 42% than that of upland cotton variety. Therefore, it is possible for the hexaploid to be an important germplasm resource to improve fiber strength of cotton.     

三种间杂交[(六倍体小黑麦×普通小麦)F_1×八倍体小黑麦]的细胞遗传学研究

通过六倍体小黑麦(AABBRR)与普通小麦(AABBDD)杂交,F_1(AABBDR)再与八倍体小黑麦(AABBDDRR)杂交,看到种子萌发与胚乳的染色体构型有很大关系,当R组染色体在胚乳中成单倍体时,对种子萌发的影响最大。对三种间杂种进行的细胞遗传学研究表明这种杂交方式对于减少自然选择的压力,产生多样化的染色体代换是一种有意义的新方法。     

Comparative genome research between maize and rice using genomicin situ hybridization

Using the genomic DNAs of maize and rice as probes respectively, the homology of maize and rice genomes was assessed by genomic in situ hybridization. When rice genomic DNAs were hybridized to maize, all chromosomes displayed many multiple discrete regions, while each rice chromosome delineated a single consecutive chromosomal region after they were hybridized with maize genomic DNAs. The results indicate that the genomes of maize and rice share high homology, and confirm the proposal that maize and rice are diverged from a common ancestor.     

植物染色体C─带技术的应用进展

本文讨论了近十多年来植物染色体Ｃ－带技术在核型分析、物种亲缘关系鉴定、染色体组进化研究、染色体畸变鉴别、远缘杂种细胞学鉴定、染色体行为研究、基因定位等方面的应用进展。     

浅谈“参与式”教学在细胞遗传学实验中的应用

为提高学生独立思考和解决问题的能力，分析了《细胞遗传学》实验教学中存在的问题，围绕实验平台建设，实验内容的系统性及实验教学与课题研究相结合等方面，探讨了细胞遗传学实验教学中加入参与式教学元素的一点体会。     

Presence of intrachromatidic bands in mitotic chromosomes ofTriturus marmoratus (Amphibia: Caudata)

Summary The C-banding technique has revealed the existence of single and double intrachromatidic bands in mitotic chromosomes ofTriturus marmoratus. The presence of the bands is discussed on the basis of the helical coil model versus the radial loop model, which assumes a different packing of the DNA fiber.We are very indebted to Prof. C. García de la Vega for his indispensable help, to Prof. Dr J. Martín for his comments and to M. Herrero for his support.     

Ogura CMS紫菜苔与萝卜双二倍体的获得及细胞遗传学研究

以Ogura CMS紫菜苔(AA,2n=20)为母本,以不同萝卜品种(RR,2n=18)为父本进行杂交,获得了大量的属间杂种。从杂种F_1中发现了2株染色体自然加倍的双二倍体。在形态上双二倍体与未加倍的杂种F_1相似,都表现父本萝卜的白花性状,蜜腺正常,低温下子叶及真叶均不缺绿。在减数分裂中期Ⅰ双二倍体多数细胞形成19个二价体,后期Ⅰ时染色体以19:19的方式分配到两极,最后形成具有19条染色体的配子。通过对可染花粉比例、全株种子粒数及平均每个有效角果种子粒数的比较发现,虽然双二倍体的花药比未加倍的杂种F_1发育要好得多,但是双二倍体的育性还是低于未加倍的杂种F_1,尽管未加倍的杂种F_1在减数分裂时多数染色体以单价体的形式存在,同时也有二价体、三价体甚至四价体的形成,并且存在落后染色体和染色体桥。推测Ogura CMS紫菜苔×萝卜属间杂种F_1的育性除了减数分裂染色体的配对有关之外,与双亲染色体上基因的相互作用也有重要关系。对该杂种的遗传及育种意义进行了讨论。