富钴结壳成因探讨

富钴结壳（Cobalt-ch ferromanganese crusts）是继多金属结核、锰结核之后被人类发现的又一深海矿产资源，由于其所处深度比锰结核浅，并且战略金属钴的含量较高，因此成为当前国际的研究热点。本文主要从矿物岩石学、地球化学、同位素、生物地层学等方面对成因问题进行了分析。     

黄土发育表土结皮过程和微结构分析的试验研究

对采自晋西离石的马兰黄土进行了模拟降雨试验，研究表土微结构与表土结皮发育过程的关系．模拟降雨强度为１．２ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ，降雨历时为１～３０ｍｉｎ．通过对表土微结构的变化观测可以清楚看到，在３０ｍｉｎ降雨过程中经历了两次表土结皮的形成过程．初始形成的表土结皮是很不稳定的，在表土结皮的初期发育阶段较容易被破坏．在稍后阶段形成的表土结皮会更加稳定．观测到的表土微结构变化过程揭示出它们是呈周期性变化：团聚体被破坏、土壤颗粒发生垂直和水平位移、表土结皮层和淋溶层的孔隙和结构不断形成和破坏、表土结皮的形成破坏、表土变得比较密实．土壤抗剪强度可以用标准锥体贯入仪来测定，由土壤含水量和土壤抗剪强度关系得到的表土结皮强度指标与观测到的表土微结构变化密切相关．     

Growth ages of ferromanganese crusts from the western and central Pacific： Comparison between nannofossil analysis and ^10Be dating

Based on results of nannofossil analysis and 10Be dating in ferromanganese crusts M1-1 and A1-1 (no nannofossils were found in it),from the western and central Pacific respectively,it is found that the crust growth ages from nannofossil biostrati-graphy agree well with those based on 10Be isotope analysis. Both crusts have three growth layers,and the oldest layer was deposited in Miocene at about 12.80 Ma. The maximum,minimum,and average growth rates of crust A1-1 (from the central Pacific) are 8.11,1.92 and 3.47 mm/Ma,and those of crust M1-1 (from the western Pacific) are 2.93,0.47,and 0.94 mm/Ma.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定海底钴结壳的方法研究

采用粉末压片制样,X-射线荧光光谱法直接测定钴结壳中Fe、Mn、Co、Ni、Si、Al、Ca、K、Na、Ti、P、Mg、Cu、Pb、Mo、Sr、V、Zn、Zr、Y、Ba等元素。重点讨论用熔融法定值部分样品,然后用加以定值的钴结壳标准及样品、国家岩石、土壤、水系沉积物系列标准用粉末压片制样,做工作曲线,一次测量钴结壳中二十余种元素,并用定值样品做精密度与准确度试验,各元素统计结果为RSD％（n=12）除V的RSD〈4％外,其余元素的RSD均小于2％,测定结果与标准值和ICP-MS测量值相符。     

Nanometer properties of oceanic polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich crusts

An ammonia leaching process was utilized to extract Co, Ni and Cu from oceanic polymetallic nodules, whereas an acid leaching process was utilized to extract Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mn from cobalt-rich crusts. Both processes produced nanometer materials—ammonia leaching residue and acid leaching residue. A systematic study was conducted on the phase, composition and physicochemistry properties of these residues. The result shows that both residues contain a large amount of nanometer minerals. Ammonia l eaching residue mainly consists of rhodochrosite, with the average grain diameter of 17.9 nm; whereas the acid leaching residue mainly consists of well-developed bassanite, with the average grain deameter of 9.5 nm. The bassanite also has a microporous structure, the volume of the pore space is 1.23 × 10⁻² mL/g. Both the ammonia and acid leaching residues have a large specific surface area, and they display a strong adsorption capacity to saturate sodium chloride vapour, N₂ and SO₂. Both residues have high contents of rare earth elements, and most of these elements exist in the state of ionic adsorption. The content of σ FeO is high. The P₂O₅ enrichment is observable in acid leaching residues. The unique composition and nanometer solid properties of the leaching residues displayed their potential value and promised a bright future for their application in the field of environmental protection and materials.     

钴结壳螺旋切削采矿头截齿最大载荷的分布特性

考虑海水力的作用,建立深海钴结壳微地形的数学模型和采矿头截齿切削过程的数学模型,应用Matlab软件GUI工具编制相应的仿真程序,并通过实验验证仿真模型的正确性和仿真软件的工程有效性。在此基础上,随机生成200个典型海底地形,对采矿头截齿最大载荷的分布特性进行研究;应用置信度为0.95的柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫(Kolmogorov-Smirnov)检验验证参数估计所得的正态总体与样本数据的一致性。仿真结果表明:截齿最大载荷的分布偏于正态分布;通过置信度为0.95的参数估计,得出最大载荷正态分布概率密度函数的参数μ和σ2及其置信区间;由3σ规则确定了截齿最大载荷以99.73%的概率落于区间[2.027 0 11.110 0],截齿最大载荷基本不超过11.11 kN。     

Research progress on algae of the microbial crusts in arid and semiarid regions

Microbial crusts are attracting much interest in view of their possible uses in environmental conservation and ecological restoration of the arid and semiarid regions.Because algae play an irreplaceable important role in the early formation and the strengthening of microbial crusts,they are paid much more attention to than other cryptogams.In this paper,an overview of the current knowledge on the fine structure and development of microbial crust,focusing on the algal biomass,vertical distribution,succession,influential factors on algae,cohesion of soil stabilization,cementing mechanism for soil particles and the microalgal extracellular polymers is given,with particular emphasis on the authors' researches,and some prospects are put forward as well.     

螺旋切削式采矿头破碎钴结壳粒度分布规律实验研究

钴结壳破碎块度是衡量螺旋滚筒式采矿头破碎效果的重要指标，也是集矿和扬矿系统的设计依据．对常用的4种矿岩破碎粒度分布公式进行了分析，利用线性回归按4种分布公式对实验数据进行拟合，得出分形分布能更准确地描述钴结壳破碎块度分布特征，分维数能定量描述富钴结壳破碎的块度组成，图2，表2，参10．     

钴结壳开采装置及方法

海底钴结壳的开采,需要一种能适应海底特殊条件、针对钴结壳特殊性能的开采方法.作者根据现有钴结壳开采方法,提出了激振破碎开采法,并研究了相关机电技术:通过调节激振频率及振幅以适应厚度差距较大的钴结壳分布状况;激振作业不需反力以适应高低不平、悬崖遍布的海底地形;通过比例电液减压阀来改变液控变量马达的排量以改变激振频率;通过结合比例电液减压阀、密封氮气压力位移转换器和机液伺服阀以实现对独立回转的2个偏心体进行等偏心距控制,以消除侧向振动.研究结果表明:该开采方法装备能使破碎设备在海底斜坡上作业,即使悬吊于悬崖堑沟之中也能正常作业;设备能根据钴结壳自身特点进行参数最优调节,实现高效共振剥落.