Cholera toxin structure, gene regulation and pathophysiological and immunological aspects

Many notions regarding the function, structure and regulation of cholera toxin expression have remained essentially unaltered in the last 15 years. At the same time, recent findings have generated additional perspectives. For example, the cholera toxin genes are now known to be carried by a non-lytic bacteriophage, a previously unsuspected condition. Understanding of how the expression of cholera toxin genes is controlled by the bacterium at the molecular level has advanced significantly and relationships with cell-density-associated (quorum-sensing) responses have recently been discovered. Regarding the cell intoxication process, the mode of entry and intracellular transport of cholera toxin are becoming clearer. In the immunological field, the strong oral immunogenicity of the non-toxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB) has been exploited in the development of a now widely licensed oral cholera vaccine. Additionally, CTB has been shown to induce tolerance against co-administered (linked) foreign antigens in some autoimmune and allergic diseases. Received 25 October 2007; accepted 12 December 2007     

Cholera toxin B-subunit incorporation into synaptic vesicles of the neuromuscular junction of the rat

Summary The B-subunit of cholera toxin, a nontoxic macromolecule which binds specifically to GM1 ganglioside, was conjugated to colloidal gold and injected into skeletal muscle of the rat. It was taken up rapidly in vesicles in the terminal axons at the neuromuscular junctions. Injection of albumin-colloidal gold conjugates resulted in an insignificant uptake. The results indicate that uptake of extracellular macromolecules into the terminal axon of the neuromuscular junction may be greatly enhanced by binding to gangliosides at the presynaptic membrane, and that it may occur without association with vesicular recycling related to transmitter release.The study was supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (proj. No. 07122).—Part of this study was performed at INSERM U-153, Paris, headed by Dr M. Fardeau.     

G蛋白在杨树气孔运动中的作用

群众杨叶片下表皮经过不同浓度的G蛋白激活剂霍乱毒素(CTX)处理后,在扫描电镜下观察了气孔开度的变化,并用透射电镜结合X-射线能谱显微分析技术,对保卫细胞内的K^ 、Cl^-含量进行了研究。结果表明：CTX能促进气孔关闭,作用强度随CTX浓度的增加而增强。伴随着气孔关闭,保卫细胞液泡和细胞质中的K^ 、Cl^-含量都明显下降,而细胞壁中的K^ 、Cl^-含量增加。这提示G蛋白可能通过对保卫细胞内K^ 、Cl^-的调节作用而参与了气孔运动过程。     

不同血清型禽霍乱巴氏杆菌免疫的研究Ⅱ.免疫制剂的制备与检验

在试验研究基础上 ,应用发育鸡胚培养的禽多杀性巴氏杆菌 ,制备相应的灭活免疫原 ,加入油乳剂免疫增强剂 ,制备了相应的免疫制剂。通过对鸡做免疫接种后的感染保护试验 ,初步表明具有较好的免疫保护效果 ,从而为控制禽霍乱的发生与流行 ,提供了一种新型的免疫预防制剂     

Use of aggregating cell cultures for toxicological studies

Summary Relatively simple techniques are now available which allow the preparation of large quantities of highly reproducible aggregate cultures from fetal rat brain or liver cells, and to grow them in a chemically defined medium. Since these cultures exhibit extensive histotypic cellular reorganization and maturation, they offer unique possibilities for developmental studies. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the usefulness of these cultures in developmental toxicology. Aggregating brain cell cultures were exposed at different developmental stages to model drugs (i.e., antimitotic, neurotoxic, and teratogenic agents) and assayed for their responsiveness by measuring a set of biochemical parameters (i.e., total protein and DNA content, cell type-specific enzyme activities) which permit a monitoring of cellular growth and maturation. It was found that each test compound elicited a distinct, dose-dependent response pattern, which may ultimately serve to screen and classify toxic drugs by using mechanistic criteria. In addition, it could be shown that aggregating liver cell cultures are capable of toxic drug activation, and that they can be used in co-culture with brain cell aggregates, providing a potential model for complementary toxicological and metabolic studies.     

新兽药复方畜禽乐防治禽霍乱效果的研究

目前禽霍乱仍是危害我国家禽的主要疾病之一，虽然有效药物很多，由于反复使用，疗效逐渐下降，研制出一药多用、疗效高、无副作用、体内无抗药性的药物是当前的主要任务．１９９１～１９９４年我们承担了吉林省科委“新兽药方８１２－２型制剂（畜禽乐）的研制与应用”，课题通过研制和试验证明该药对人工感染禽霍乱治愈率９３．３％、保护率为１００％，对自然感染禽霍乱治愈率为１００％．     

禽霍乱琼扩抗原和抗血清的制备

将禽多杀性巴氏杆菌 1,3和 4型菌株 ,分别接种于加有绵羊血红素的马丁氏肉汤中进行培养 ,将培养物混合后离心 ,并漂洗沉淀物 ,制成琼扩抗原 ,与NDV ,HAAV ,APIV ,IC ,SP ,MG ,MS和IBDV等抗血清无交叉反应。将 3个血清型细菌培养物等量混合后 ,免疫 6周龄SPF鸡制备禽霍乱抗血清     

乌骨鸡禽霍乱的病原分离鉴定和药敏试验

应用常规分离鉴定技术,对西宁市某特种珍禽养殖场92日龄濒死和病死乌骨鸡进行禽霍乱病原分离,并与多杀性巴氏杆菌质控菌株进行生化特性比较。结果显示:分离株与质控菌株间有一定的生化差异,但符合禽型巴氏杆菌的生化特性;同时对分离菌株进行了药物筛选,选取中介和敏感药物进行交替治疗,取得了一定的治疗效果。     

Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the attenuated hog cholera virus Lapinized Chinese strain

The genomic sequence of the attenuated hog cholera virus Lapinized Chinese strain (HCLV) was determined from overlapping cDNA clones. The viral RNA of HCLV stain comprised 12 310 nucleotide (nt) including 374 nt and 239 nt at the 5′ and 3′-noncoding region, respectively. The complete genome sequence contained one large open reading frame which encoded an amino acid sequence of 3 898 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 437×10³. Although there were mostly only small differences between the sequence of the HCLV strain and the published sequences of strains ALD, GPE⁻, Alfort and Brescia, there was one notable insertion of 12 nucleotides, TTTTCTTTTTTC in the 3′ non-coding region of HCLV strain. Supported by the National Pandeng Project, Genbank accession number AF091507 Wang Jiafu: born in 1972, Ph. D.     

同时含有预防接种和水源处理的霍乱时滞模型分析

为更好地针对霍乱传染病进行有效控制和预防,同时采用预防接种和积极对受污染水源进行消毒两种控制方法,再考虑到霍乱弧菌在不洁水源中会存活一段较长的时间,因此建立含有预防接种和水源消毒的霍乱时滞模型;对模型进行稳定性分析,但当时滞大小超过一个阙值的时候,稳定性发生变化,从而产生Hopf分支;最后通过实例进行模型数值模拟,研究这两种控制方法的有效性以及时滞大小对模型稳定性的影响。