Biomineralization process occurring in iron mud of coastal seepage area of Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang province

The biomineralization process of iron oxidizing bacteria and its influence on accumulation of metals were investigated by modern biological observation techniques （i.e., SEM and TEM） and geochemical methods, in coastal area of Zhoushan Island, Zhejiang province where a thick ancient wood layers were buried, Results show that the iron mud samples mainly contain Leptothrix-like sheaths and Gallionella-like stalks, which are known as neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. These two bacteria are present as obviously different abundance in two sampling sites, which may be regulated by the geochemistry of seepage water. The biomineralization product of iron oxidizing bacteria is ferrihydrite, a poorly ordered iron oxide, and formation of amorphous mineral is affected by the factors of bacteria, minor Si and temperature preventing any further transformation into more crystalline phases. Organic functional groups, extracellular polymers and surface charges can provide favorable nucleation sites or template for formation of iron precipitates on the bacterial surface. The mineralization process of the iron oxidizing bacteria is divided into different stages, i.e., extracellular mineralization, intracellular mineralization and the whole cell mineralization. Furthermore, due to BIOS containing the bacterial organic matter, the accumulation capacity of metals specially Fe and Co is highly increased, suggesting that BIOS exert a degree of controlling in the cycling of metal elements in seepage area.     

醇水体系中胰蛋白酶调控下碳酸钙的仿生合成

依据仿生矿化的基本原理,在醇水体系中以胰蛋白酶作为有机基质,CaCl2为钙源,NH4HCO3为CO2来源,采用气体扩散的方法合成了球形的碳酸钙.用XRD,SEM,FT-IR和PL等手段对所得碳酸钙进行了表征,结果发现该球形CaCO3晶体为方解石与球霞石的混合晶型,并发现在CaCO3结晶的过程中,胰蛋白酶和醇水的混合溶剂...     

Biomineralization of phototrophic microbes in silica-enriched hot springs in South China

Microbial mats in two hot springs in South China were sampled for the research of mineralization of microbes and its mechanism by the methods of geology and modern biology. The results show that hot spring microbes have the key capability for enrichment of Si, Al, Fe, Ca and other elements, and the microbes are also crucial for the formation of SiO2, CaCO3, clay and so on. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play important roles in the process of mineralization of hot spring microbes, which mainly takes place in the layer of EPS outside cell wall or sheath of cyanobacteria. The sheath outside cell wall, which keeps the normal metabolism of cyanobacteria during the process of mineralization on its surface, is also considerable for the biomineralization of cyanobacteria. According to structure and mineralization characteristics of two microbial mats, the process of mineralization can be divided into three stages, namely, early surface mineralization, middle degradation mineralization, and late des- quamation of mineral. The above conclusions are significant for comprehension of the process of mineralization, the process of deposition and the preservation of microfossil in modern and ancient extreme environments.     

Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Calreticulin from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

Calreticulin is a unique calcium-binding protein with multiple functions mostly located in the sar-coplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum.A large amount of calcium is absorbed from the medium and transported to mineralization sites during biomineralization in pead oyster.This paper describes the cloning of the full-length cDNA of calreticulin from Pinctada fucata,namely PCRT.PCRT encodes a deduced 414-amino acid protein,which includes a predicted 17- amino acid signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval sequence HDEL.The protein shows 63%-76% sequence identity and shares some common characteristics with calreticulins from other species.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicates that PCRT is ubiquitously ex-pressed in all tissues tested with the highest expression in the hemolymph and the mantle.In situ hybridiza-tion analysis of PCRT in the mantle showed strong signals in the inner fold,the inner side of middle fold,and the inner side of outer fold of the mantle epithelium.All these results suggest PCRT might be involved in Ca2+ transport and storage during oyster biomineralization.     

三维丝素蛋白/羟基磷灰石支架的生物学性能

综合运用丝素蛋白纤维网的非编织制作方法和仿生矿化法,构建三维多孔丝素蛋白/纳米羟基磷灰石复合支架.通过体外蛋白酶降解和成骨细胞培养,对支架材料的生物学性能进行初探.发现蛋白酶对丝素蛋白降解的作用大小依次为,蛋白酶K＞胰蛋白酶＞α-糜蛋白酶＞Ⅰ型胶原酶.所构建的支架显示出良好的生物相容性并能促进成骨细胞生长和分化.三维多孔丝素蛋白/纳米羟基磷灰石支架可望成为新型有机/无机复合生物材料,为骨组织工程支架的设计提供了新的思路.     

Preparation and evaluation of biomimetric nano-hydroxyapatite-based composite scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering

In the present study,novel biomimetic composite scaffolds with a composition similar to that of natural bone were prepared,using nano-hydroxyapatite,collagen,and phosphatidylserine.The scaffolds possess an interconnected porous structure with a porosity of 84%.The pore size ranges from several micrometers up to about 400 m.In-vitro studies in simulated body fluids showed that the morphologies of the products derived from mineralization can be regulated by the extracellular matrix components of the scaffolds;this in turn leads to creation of a large number of hydroxyapatite crystals on the scaffold surface.The regulatory properties of collagen and phosphatidylserine also influenced the cell response to the composite scaffolds.MC3T3-E1 cells attached and spread on the surfaces of the materials and interacted with the substrates;this may be the result of charged groups on the composite materials.Radiological analysis suggested that calluses and bone bridges formed in defects within 12 weeks.These composite scaffolds may therefore be a suitable replacement in bone-tissue engineering.     

多元回归分析在生物成矿研究中的应用

运用回归分析原理,讨论了浓度、时间及不同物种对生物聚金富集率的影响,并和粘土矿物吸附金作了对比。结果显示：生物对金的富集导致富集率的急剧上升是在较短的时间内完成的,其动力机制在于生物对金的被动吸附及细胞壁对金的络合作用;时间与金溶液浓度同为影响生物富金的重要因素,金溶液浓度的影响远较时间因素显著;生物富金与无机物吸附金相比,无机物吸附金是一个较为缓慢的过程,时间作为影响吸附能力的一个因素,其显著性大大提高。     

Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Calreticulin from Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata

Calreticulin is a unique calcium-binding protein with multiple functions mostly located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum. A large amount of calcium is absorbed from the medium and transported to mineralization sites during biomineralization in pearl oyster. This paper describes the cloning of the full-length cDNA of calreticulin from Pinctada fucata, namely PCRT. PCRT encodes a deduced 414-amino acid protein, which includes a predicted 17- amino acid signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retrieval sequence HDEL. The protein shows 63%-76% sequence identity and shares some common characteristics with calreticulins from other species. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicates that PCRT is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested with the highest expression in the hemolymph and the mantle. In situ hybridization analysis of PCRT in the mantle showed strong signals in the inner fold, the inner side of middle fold, and the inner side of outer fold of the mantle epithelium, All these results suggest PCRT might be involved in Ca^2＋ transport and storage during oyster biomineralization.     

细菌修复加固石质历史建筑遗产研究

为了避免历史建筑遗产保护过程中造成不可逆损伤,通过细菌诱导碳酸钙在大理石试样表面矿化沉积形成薄层达到保护目的。采用XRD、SEM、MIP及超声波研究分析了矿化晶体晶相、矿化层生长、沉积晶体对试样孔隙影响以及矿化层粘结与保护效果。实验结果表明：矿化晶体为方解石和球霰石,细菌在晶体矿化沉积过程中充当成核位点,且晶体均匀生长在试样的表面,沉积致使试样孔隙率减小22.2％,但对孔隙分布无显著影响,矿化层与底层可以形成有效粘结。细菌诱导矿化修复保护新颖、生态,可以作为石质历史建筑遗产保护方法的有效选择。     

水溶液中人胆汁糖蛋白与碳酸钙的结合研究

利用付里叶变换红外光谱 (FT -IR) ,结合减法、二阶导、退卷积和曲线拟合等先进光谱技术及ICP -AES分析方法 ,对人胆汁中提取的糖蛋白 (HBG)和碳酸钙 (CaCO3)反应后的滤液进行了研究。结果表明 ,HBG和碳酸钙之间存在着络合配位和多形式的氢键作用 ,使两者的微观结构发生了变化 ,形成了水溶性的HBG -碳酸钙复合物。该复合物的形成是生物矿化的基础。