干燥控制化学添加剂在制备硅气凝胶中的应用

以硅溶胶为主要原料,通过硅溶胶体系的凝胶过程中添加干燥控制化学添加剂(DCCA),并结合非超临界干燥技术制备了硅气凝胶,研究了DCCA对凝胶过程和最终所得气凝胶品质的影响。DCCA能使凝胶的生成时间增加,凝胶结构均匀化,构成凝胶的基本微粒的粒径有所减小。在一定的DCCA添加量范围内,随着DCCA添加量的增加,所得气凝胶样品的密度有所减小,比表面积增加,微观结构变得更加完善,孔分布也更加集中。不同DCCA对气凝胶品质的影响规律不尽相同,气凝胶的品质就有可能通过调节添加DCCA的种类和量得到控制。     

用气凝胶形式保存纳米TiO2光催化剂防团聚的研究

以钛酸正丁酯为原料,用溶胶—凝胶过程超临界CO2萃取法制备具有锐钛矿晶型结构的纳米TiO2气凝胶,用XRD、TEM、BET等分别对初生态气凝胶粒子、在常态下以气凝胶形式保存了360d的TiO2纳米粒子及以初生态气凝胶的粉体保存了360d的TiO2粒子进行表征,以光催化降解罗丹明B为模型反应.结果表明,以气凝胶形式保存纳米粒子能有力地防止纳米粒子的团聚,并基本保持初生态气凝胶粒子光催化降解罗丹明B的能力.     

超级绝热型防火材料的研究进展及其在城市地下空间的应用展望

超级绝热型防火材料,是一种具有纳米孔隙结构及超低导热系数的无机材料,可分为溶胶-凝胶法气凝胶复合材料和气相法氧化物纳米粉末基材料两种.其基础组成氧化物为SiO2和更高熔点的Al2 O3、ZrO2,且研究发现合适的复合组元比单组元在火灾温度下具有更好的耐热稳定性.红外遮光剂是显著降低材料高温导热系数的关键组分,通过比红外消光系数测定以及基于Mie散射理论等的数值计算为红外遮光剂的合理选择提供了依据.超级绝热型防火材料,具有高效防火的特点,只要很小的厚度就能达到较高的耐火等级.随着气凝胶材料从超临界干燥向常压干燥的发展,以及超级绝热型防火材料总体生产成本的降低,这种材料将在城市地下空间被动防火系统中发挥重要的作用.     

表面活性剂使白炭黑改性的研究

基于大量实验,研究了在SiO2含量相同或不同的条件下,不同种的表面活性剂在其含量改变时,对提高白炭黑DBP和比表面积的影响·在传统的酸性硅溶胶两步法生产白炭黑的工艺基础上,增加一次添加表面活性剂的过程,从而获得吸油值高、比表面积大、具有气凝胶特性的优质白炭黑·同时探讨了表面活性剂使白炭黑改进性能的机理     

Improving thermal insulation of TC4 using YSZ-based coating and SiO2 aerogel

In this paper, air plasmas spray(APS) was used to prepare YSZ and Sc2O3–YSZ(Sc YSZ) coating in order to improve the thermal insulation ability of TC4 alloy. Si O2 aerogel was also synthesized and affixed on TC4 titanium alloy to inhabit thermal flow. The microstructures, phase compositions and thermal insulation performance of three coatings were analyzed in detail. The results of thermal diffusivity test by a laser flash method showed that the thermal diffusivities of YSZ, Sc2O3–YSZ and Si O2 aerogel are 0.553, 0.539 and 0.2097 10 6m2/s, respectively. Then,the thermal insulation performances of three kinds of coating were investigated from 20 1C to 400 1C using high infrared radiation heat flux technology. The experimental results indicated that the corresponding temperature difference between the top TC4 alloy(400 1C) and the bottom surface of YSZ is 41.5 1C for 0.6 mm thickness coating. For 1 mm thickness coating, the corresponding temperature difference between the top TC4 alloys(400 1C) and the bottom surface of YSZ, Sc YSZ, Si O2 aerogel three specimens is 54, 54.6 and 208 1C, respectively. The coating thickness and species were found to influence the heat insulation ability. In these materials, YSZ and Sc YSZ exhibited a little difference for heat insulation behavior. However, Si O2 aerogel was the best one among them and it can be taken as protection material on TC4 alloys. In outer space,Si O2 aerogel can meet the need of thermal insulation of TC4 of high-speed aircraft.     

Design and optimization of transparent scattering solar concentrator based on SiO2 aerogel

Scattering solar concentrators (SSCs), an important component of transparent/translucent photovoltaic devices, can concentrate large-area sunlight on small-area solar cells while allowing some sunlight to pass through the devices. However, owing to the lack of suitable scattering materials, there have been few reports on SSCs in recent years. In this study, we fabricated SiO₂ aerogel-based SSCs and tested their performances. The photoelectric performance was found to be moderate. Additionally, the results demonstrated excellent transmittance and color rendering index, which meet the lighting requirements of the windows. A Monte Carlo ray tracing program was developed to simulate an SSC and analyze the fate of all photons. We also analyzed the multiple scattering mechanism in SSCs that damages the photoelectric efficiency of a device via theoretical simulation. Finally, we proposed an anisotropic scattering device that can increase the primary scattering and suppress multiple scattering, resulting in excellent photoelectric efficiency.     

介孔固体新材料氧化硅气凝胶的研究

氧化硅气凝胶是一种低密度、高孔隙率的纳米非晶固态材料,也是一种极具应用前景的介孔固体材料．采用溶胶－凝胶法和超临界干燥技术,制备出品质优良的二氧化硅气凝胶,采用ＸＲＤ、ＴＥＭ、ＢＥＴ等手段对样品的比表面积、孔隙率及力学性质等进行了初步研究．     

碳气凝胶的制备及其物性研究

气凝胶是一种新型非晶固态材料,有着广泛的应用前景,为此详细论述了有机气凝胶和碳气凝胶的制备工艺;采用高分辨率航向电镜观察气凝胶的纳米显微结构;喇曼光谱测试结果表明碳气凝胶颗粒内部存在有微晶化结构;低温氮吸附法测试结果表明,有机气凝胶和碳气凝胶的比表面积主要由溶液的配比浓度和催化剂的量决定,后者还受碳化温度的影响。     

高压匀质处理对纳米纤维素自聚集特性及气凝胶结构的影响

 木材细胞壁的重要组成部分是许多直径在纳米尺度、具有高长径比、高比表面积和丰富表面基团的纤维素分子聚集体。基于“自下而上”的思想,利用层层分离法从木粉中分离出纳米尺度的基元纤丝。首先,通过化学和超声预处理并结合高压匀质处理的方法从木材中分离制备出纳米纤维素（CNF）;然后,通过冷冻干燥的方法将CNF 进一步组装加工成纳米纤维素气凝胶。研究发现,超声结合匀质的方法,可得到均匀纤丝化的CNF,具有低直径尺寸分布（纤丝直径为1～3 nm）和高长径比特征,但氢键作用的影响使得单根纤丝又易重构为簇、带状的聚集体形式。随着CNF 溶液浓度的增大,所形成的气凝胶密度增大,孔隙度降低,结构由以纤维为主,转变为纤丝交织的片层结构。本研究所得的气凝胶可广泛应用于包装、生物医药、吸附材料等领域。     

废报纸基纤维素气凝胶的绿色制备及其清理泄漏油污性能

 为制备廉价清洁的吸水吸油性废报纸基纤维素气凝胶（WNCA）,使用1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体（AmImCl）溶解无任何前处理的废报纸,经去离子水、无水乙醇和叔丁醇依次置换即可得纯净的纤维素水凝胶,将其冷冻干燥即可制备柔性的WNCA。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）和X 射线衍射仪（XRD）对制备的WNCA 的形态特征、结晶特性及结晶度进行表征分析。结果表明,WNCA 具有良好的多孔三维网络交联结构;其晶型结构为纤维素Ⅰ型,结晶度为62.6%,较之所用原料提高了12.8%;该气凝胶能够吸收其自身质量18~20 倍的水和废弃污油,通过简单挤压即可把99.8%的液体除去,具备循环利用性能,同时该气凝胶显示了良好的机械性能且可反弹。该研究所用试剂均绿色环保,为绿色气凝胶的制备提供了科学思路。