Changes in physical features of Glacier No. 1 of the Tianshan Mountains in response to climate change

This study analyzes the changes in glacier zones and snow composition of Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains of China since 1961,and their possible relations with climate.It is found that precipitation dominated the snow composition and that air temperature and precipitation controlled the distribution of glacier zones,but interannual change in precipitation had a relatively large effect on glacier zones and snow composition during 1963–1981 (P10) and 1963–1989 (P11).However,during 1982–2007 (P20) and 19...     

Water isotope variations in the snow pack and summer precipitation at July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China

This paper presents the stable isotope data of the snow pack and summer precipitation collected at the July 1 Glacier, Qilian Mountains in northwest China and analyses their relationships with meteorologi- cal factors. On an event scale, there is no temperature effect on the δ 18O values in the summer pre- cipitation, whereas the amount effect is shown to be clear. By tracing the moisture transport history and comparing the precipitation with its isotopic composition, it is shown that this amount effect not only reflects the change in moisture trajectory, which is related to the monsoon activities, but is also associated with the cooling degree of vapor in the cloud, the evaporation of falling raindrops and the isotopic exchange between the falling drops and the atmospheric vapor. As very little precipitation occurs in winter, the snow pack profile mainly represents the precipitation in the other three seasons. There are low precipitation δ 18O ratios in summer and high ratios in spring and autumn. The Meteoric Water Line (MLW) for the summer precipitation is δ D = 7.6 δ 18O 13.3, which is similar to that at Delingha, located in the south rim of the Qilian Mountains. The MWL for the snow pack is δ D = 10.4 δ 18O 41.4, showing a large slope and intercept. The deuterium excess (d) of the snow pack is positively correlated with δ 18O, indicating that both d and δ 18O decrease from spring to summer and increase from early autumn to early spring. This then results in the high slope and intercept of the MWL. Sea- sonal fluctuations of d in the snow pack indicate the change of moisture source and trajectory. During spring and autumn, the moisture originates from continental recycling or rapid evaporation over rela- tively warm water bodies like Black, Caspian and Aral Seas when the dry westerly air masses pass over them, hence very high d values in precipitation are formed. During summer, the monsoon is responsi- ble for the low d values. This indicates that the monsoon can reach the western part of the Qilian Mountains.     

冰崩涌浪作用下的冰湖溃决过程试验研究

冰崩涌浪是导致冰湖溃决的一个主要的诱发因素之一。本文通过水槽模型试验,研究了在冰崩涌浪作用下,不同颗粒级配、坝高、下游坝坡坡度时冰碛坝的溃决过程,主要结论如下：（1）冰碛坝存在漫顶溃决、坝坡失稳、管涌破坏三种溃决模式;（2）根据冰崩涌浪的对坝体的侵蚀效应,结合溃口的纵向演化过程,将冰碛坝的溃决过程划分为涌浪侵蚀阶段（阶段Ⅰ）、库区小扰动溢流侵蚀阶段（阶段Ⅱ）;（3）涌浪过坝后的强水动力条件增加了坝体的侵蚀率,当溃口贯通后,涌浪已基本消散,溃决过程转为为正常的溢流溃决,并且涌浪向坝体提供了高频瞬时荷载,削减了坝体稳定性;（4）从动力学的角度提出了冰碛坝临界溃决条件的判定方法;（5）冰湖溃决洪峰流量与坝高和下游坝坡呈现正相关,与坝体中值粒径（D50）呈现负相关关系。     

Response of Zhadang Glacier runoff in Nam Co Basin,Tibet, to changes in air temperature and precipitation form

This paper describes 2007/2008 inter-annual changes in runoff from the Zhadang Glacier located on the northern slope of Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibet, and analyzes their causes. Precipitation increased by 17.9% in summer months of 2008 compared with the same period in 2007, drainage basin runoff decreased by 33.3%, and glacial meltwater decreased by 53.8%. Change in positive accumulated air temperature explained approximately half of the inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater using a de-gree-day model. This suggests that the glacier is extremely sensitive to changes in air temperature. Energy balance analysis showed that change in glacier surface albedo, considered to be caused by difference in precipitation form, resulted in the large inter-annual difference in glacial meltwater. It was shown statistically that precipitation form in the summer months of 2007 was mainly rainfall which comprised 71.5% of total precipitation, while during the same period in 2008 rainfall accounted for 30.7%, with the majority of precipitation falling as snow. Precipitation form should be considered an independent factor when analyzing glacier sensitivity to climate change or forecasting the runoff from certain glaciers.     

东南极洲Lambert冰川流域半个多世纪以来气候变化特征

通过对1996／1997年中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的东南极洲Lambert冰川流域东侧50m雪芯,顶部13m的δ^18O资料的分析和积累率的恢复,首次揭示了Lambert冰川流域东侧半个多世纪以来的气候变化特征,即半个多世纪以来气候变化的总趋势为气温升高、降水增加。而Lambert冰川流域西侧雪芯资料表明,本地区半个多世纪以来气温变化趋势不明显,降水明显减少,说明整个Lambert冰川流域20世纪40年代以来气候变化有明显的区域差异性。同时研究了Lambert冰川流域东西两侧稳定同位素比率和温度的关系。     

对洛塔岩溶地貌及第四系发育史的一些不同看法

通过对洛塔地区的地质资料进行分析,对《洛塔岩溶及其水资源评价与利用研究》一书有关岩溶地貌发育史及第四系堆积物的部分探讨与论述提出不同看法,以地层14C同位素年龄测试数据及洛塔地区钟乳石铀系年龄测定结果为依据,将洛塔地区的亚不寺岩溶台面期及此后的河谷各亚期形成时间后推,同时指出洛塔宽谷并非书中认为的冰川成因,有关冰碛物实为古滑坡堆积物,亦是其堵塞河道造成古车水坪湖沼形成的原因。     

海螺沟冰川成因浅析

贡嘎山地区发育有71条冰川,其中长5公里以上的有五条,海螺沟冰川是其规模最大海拔最低的一条。根据冰川的分布、形状和规模,它属山岳冰川类型,从成因上看,则属暧型动力变质冰川。 海螺沟冰川形成于16万年前,地处青藏高原东缘。冰川在纵向上,粒雪盆高置、冰舌低伸,其间,为特有高悬的大冰瀑布相联。冰川的形成与存在,主要与挽近时期的造山运动有关,并与有利的贡嘎山南北向构造山系地质背景、区域自然地理环境、南面的南北向横断山系及南部海域东南季风影响相联系。海螺沟冰川现处于强消融退缩时期,这与区域性气候以几十年期的振荡变化有关,与“温室效应”无关。冰川景观不会因目前的退缩而在可以预见的时期消失。     

Use of a multi-temporal grid method to analyze changes in glacier coverage in the Tibetan Plateau

This paper describes a multi-temporal grid method for quantifying changes in glacier coverage. A multi-temporal grid synthesizes spatial, attribute and process components of glacier information by sequentially combining spatial data from satellite images or maps. It enables us to identify glacier retreat and advance areas in individual grid cells for three or more periods of data sets. Discrepancies among the sequential data sets were detected graphically and numerically, including noise from geo-location error, misclassification, or different interpretation results in various pixel resolutions. Noise was detected and corrected to a large extent by visualization of the synthetic grid. The paper compares the results with that from a common method based on individual data sets, focusing on the Mt. Naimona'Nyi and Mt. Qomolangma regions at the northern slopes of the Himalayas. Results show that the identified noise (e.g. by 2.5 km2 in the Mt. Naimona'Nyi region) is much larger than measurement uncertainty calculated by sensor resolution and co-registration error (e.g. by 0.015 km2 in the Mt. Naimona'Nyi region). After noise removal, we notice that glacier recession clearly accelerates. The multi-temporal grid method results in a better quantification of glacier variation. It shows that glaciers in the Himalayas have both retreated and advanced during the last several decades, with retreat dominating and accelerating. Glaciers on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in the middle Himalayas retreat more extensively and faster than those in the Mt. Naimona'Nyi region in the western Himalayas.     

天山一号冰川地区气候要素的变化及其对冰川物质平衡的影响

通过对逐日气温、降水、流量和相对湿度等实测数据进行小波分析,提取了天山乌鲁木齐河源一号冰川地区近10年来的气候变化特征.在此基础上,运用灰熵关联分析方法进一步研究了冰川物质平衡量与不同气候要素的关联关系.结果显示:研究区气候要素在4d,16d,32d和64d尺度上的变化存在阶段性、周期性和弱趋势性三大特征;在较宽的时间尺度上,气温要素的极大值与极小值呈非对称性变化;1996-2004年期间,冰川物质平衡主要受气温类要素的影响;9-5月(物质平衡年)的降水量是冰川物质积累的重要来源.     

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川沉积的石英砂扫描电镜形态特征分析

对贡嘎山海螺沟冰川沉积物中石英砂进行扫描电镜形态特征分析, 获得海洋性山岳冰川沉积的标志性形态特征如下: 尖锐的棱角状颗粒形态占绝对优势, 边棱尖锐、表面起伏度高; 大型-中型贝壳状断口极发育, 多见平行解理面、阶梯状断口; 具有标志冰川磨蚀作用的擦痕、新月形凿口和压裂深坑有明显的化学溶蚀和沉淀形态, 如溶蚀坑、溶蚀沟, 硅质薄膜、硅质球和黏土矿物。结果表明海螺沟冰川具有强烈的侵蚀作用, 机械压碎、研磨在侵蚀和搬运过程具有绝对优势;同时海螺沟冰川底部存在丰富的冰下融水, 起到化学溶蚀和沉淀的作用。石英砂表面结构统计分析结果与河流、湖泊、海岸、风沙等沉积明显不同, 与青藏高原、南极等地大陆性冰川沉积分析结果亦存在差异。