Newton and action at a distance between bodies—A response to Andrew Janiak's “Three concepts of causation in Newton”

This article responds to Professor Andrew Janiak's recent attempt to defend the proposition that Isaac Newton did not believe in action at a distance between bodies (or any other kind of substance) (Janiak, 2013). His argument rests on a distinction between “three concepts of causation in Newton”, which leads him to conclude that although Newton did not believe in action at a distance between bodies, he was able to accept that gravity was a “distant action”. I critically examine Janiak's arguments here, and the historical evidence he brings to bear upon it, and argue that Professor Janiak's latest claims do nothing to undermine the view to which he is opposed, namely, that Newton did believe in the possibility of action at a distance between bodies.     

胆碱能神经元和P物质样、脑啡肽样纤维在人胎脊髓中间带的发育与定位

收集死亡人胚胎40例,妊娠龄5—40周。取脊髓胸段,恒冷箱切片,厚25—35μm,分别以Kamovsky—Roots法和PAP法显示脊髓中间灰质带含乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的胆碱能神经元和P物质样(SP—L)、脑啡肽样(ENK—L)纤维的定位分布。结果发现AchE阳性神经元,最早见于第5周中间带外侧核本部(ILP)。6～8周,阳性神经元则明显见于侧索核(ILF)、中介核(IC)和中介核室管旁部(ICPE)等各核群。AchE阳性神经元的活性反应强度随胎龄增长而增强。SP—L和ENK—L阳性纤维最早见于第8周中间带的外侧份,位于套层与缘层之间,相当于ILP的原基部。9～13周,阳性纤维亦向内延伸。至14周,阳性纤维在ILP、ILF和IC等部位已有明显的增加。26周,上述核群和ICPE均见阳性纤维网织成丛状分布。实验证明,人胎脊髓中间带的AchE阳性神经元和SP—L、ENK—L肽能纤维,均出现于胚胎早期,且AchE神经元的出现要比SP—L、ENK—L肽能纤维大概早1/10孕期。     

观赏植物无土栽培的研究进展

综述了国内外近10年来观赏植物无土栽培的研究进展和应用情况。介绍了对无土栽培中栽培基质、营养液配方和植物生长发育规律的研究情况，并就观赏植物无土栽培的前景进行了展望。     

Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the frog dorsal root ganglia

Summary The distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity was studied in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia of the frogRana esculenta by immunohistochemistry. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was contained in approximately 50% of primary sensory neurons. The immunoreactive fibers arising from the cell bodies are collected in small bundles within the ganglia neuropil before entering the central and peripheral roots.     

Localization of iron-reducing activity in paddy soil by profile studies

The aim of this contribution is to analyze the difficulties and possible inconsistencies one may encounter when attempting to integrate substance philosophy and process philosophy. I argue that it is impossible to avoid these problems, and offer a typology that helps to understand the tensions involved in attempts to integrate these two worldviews. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

论毛泽东决策思想与实践的特点和实质——纪念毛泽东诞辰100周年

本文认为毛泽东决策思想最突出的特点是“知己知彼,百战百胜”,而“知己”更甚于“知彼”。团结自己,甚于和高于战胜敌人。毛泽东是一个团结千百万人民群众的艺术家,毛泽东一生,与其说他战胜了强大敌人,不如说他团结了全中国人民。在毛泽东的决策理论和实践中,人的因素甚于物的因素。在共产党领导下,有了人就有了一切,在同样的物质条件下,谁最了解人,拥有人心和人力,谁就胜利。     

牛顿力学和相对论理论基础的分析与比较

欧洲普朗克望远镜最近测量到的宇宙微波背景辐射存在宇观不对称,这种整个宇宙的不对称性不能用现有理论解释,人们需要对传统理论进行新的考察。任何理论在创建时都有一些假设前提,这些假设前提构成了理论的基础。在牛顿力学中,牛顿假定存在惯性系,所有牛顿力学方程只对惯性系成立。相对论则以四条公理作为逻辑起点。讨论理论的逻辑起点有助于加深对理论的理解,尤其是研究理论的适用范围时,内部逻辑很难帮助找到突破口,而解剖理论的基础则是有效方法之一。本文详细分析了牛顿力学和相对论的理论基础,运用了一些新的方法,得到了一些新的结论,这些新的方法和结论将有助于对未来理论发展趋势的把握。     

有无论

本文分析了中国哲学、科学思想史中的形象有无观、抽象有无观、实体有无观以及生命意义有无观．揭示了有无观念与人类生存的重大关系。     

Substance P-induced fibrinolysis in the forearm of healthy humans

Physiological saline with or without substance P (50 ng/ml) was infused into the humeral artery in 6 healthy males. Indices of fibrinolytic activity (whole blood diluted lysis time, euglobulin lysis time, lysis areas in non-heated fibrin plates produced by plasma or euglobulin precipitate, plasminogen plasma levels, ₂-macroglobulin, Cl-inhibitor, and ₂-antiplasmin) were evaluated in the homolateral antecubital vein before and after 5 min of substance P or saline infusion. After substance P the fibrinolytic activity increased, as can be seen from the shortening of lysis times (p<0.01) and enlargement of the lysis areas (p<0.01). A reduction of plasminogen plasma levels (p<0.01), associated with a decrease in ₂-anitplasmin (p<0.01), was also found. Alpha₂-macroglobulin and Cl-inhibitor were instead unaltered by the peptide. The saline infusion, on the other hand, was unable to modify any of the examined indices. We concluded that exogenous substance P given intra-arterially increases fibrinolytic activity in locally-sampled venous blood through a mechanism which remains to be elucidated.     

Substantial confusion

In this paper I defend, against Eric Scerri’s objections, the following theses: (i) that Lavoisier and Mendeleev shared a ‘core conception’ of chemical element, and (ii) that this core conception underwrites referential continuity in the names of particular elements.