Ideals and monisms: recent criticisms of the Strong Programme in the sociology of knowledge

I offer a reply to criticisms of the Strong Programme presented by Stephen Kemp who develops some new lines of argument that focus on the ‘monism’ of the programme. He says the programme should be rejected for three reasons. First, because it embodies ‘weak idealism’, that is, its supporters effectively sever the link between language and the world. Second, it challenges the reasons that scientists offer in explanation of their own beliefs. Third, it destroys the distinction between successful and unsuccessful instrumental action. Kemp is careful to produce quotations from the supporters of the programme as evidence to support his case. All three points deserve and are given a detailed response and the interpretation of the quoted material plays a significant role in the discussion. My hope is that careful exegesis will offset the numerous misinterpretations that are current in the philosophical literature. Particular attention is paid to what is said about the normative standards involved in the application of empirical concepts. The operation of these standards in the face of the negotiability of all concepts is explored and misapprehensions on the topic are corrected. The work of Wittgenstein, Popper, Kuhn and Hesse is used to illustrate these themes.     

Saving the Strong Programme? A critique of David Bloor’s recent work

This article critically appraises David Bloor’s recent attempts to refute criticisms levelled at the Strong Programme’s social constructionist approach to scientific knowledge. Bloor has tried to argue, contrary to some critics, that the Strong Programme is not idealist in character, and it does not involve a challenge to the credibility of scientific knowledge. I argue that Bloor’s attempt to deflect the charge of idealism, which calls on the self-referential theory of social institutions, is partially successful. However, I suggest that although the Strong Programme should not be accused of ‘strong idealism’, it is still vulnerable to the criticism that it entails a form of ‘weak idealism’. The article moves on to argue that, contrary to Bloor, constructionist approaches do challenge the credibility of the scientific knowledge that they analyse. I conclude the article by arguing that sociological analyses of scientific knowledge can be conducted without the weak idealism and the credibility-challenging assumptions of the Strong Programme approach.     

基于强跟踪滤波器估计的最优融合方法

在分布式雷达数据处理模式中 ,数据融合是获得较精确的目标轨迹的主要环节。为克服卡尔曼滤波器对初始值敏感、鲁棒性差和对机动目标跟踪性能差的缺陷 ,通过利用各传感器的观测数据 ,采用强跟踪滤波器对目标进行跟踪 ,以改善目标状态估计的精度。对判定源于同一目标的状态估计值 ,给出了一种估计状态线进行性组合的最优融合准则。得出了实际数据的实验结果。     

In vivo effects of immunostimulating lipopeptides on mouse liver microsomal cytochromes P-450 and on paracetamol-induced toxicity

Summary Immunomodulating lipopeptides lauroyl-L-Ala--D-Glu-LL-A2pmNH2-Gly (RP 44.102) and lauroyl-L-Ala--D-Glu-LL-A2pmNH2 (RP 56.142) were found to protect mice against the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol, which is due to cytochrome P-450 dependent formation of toxic metabolites and radicals. In fact they decreased the amount of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450, and the level of CCl₄-induced lipid peroxidation. In contrast lauroyl-L-Ala--D-Glu-DD-A2pmNH2 (RP 53.204), which only differs by the configuration of the two chiral carbons of A2pm (diaminopimelic acid) and is not an immunomodulating agent, failed to protect against poisoning by paracetamol and had no effect on the level of hepatic cytochrome P-450 or the microsomal CCl₄-induced lipid peroxidation. This provides a clear connection between the immunostimulating properties of a compound and its effects on xenobiotic biotransformations.     

论运动量的安排

针对目前,大多数运动训练中,运动量安排上的不合理的状况,笔者在体操领域中进行了探索。通过对苏联、日本队夺得世界冠军前的训练的有关数据的统计,并结合自己的经验,进行了研究分析,在理论上提出了“训练的适应征象”。并得出了大运动量与成绩密切相关的结论。并且对训练的负荷密度、强度问题做了进一步阐述。     

关于随机截断下半参数回归模型中的相合估计的一点注记

文[1]研究了随机截断下半参数回归模型中的相合估计,但其强相合性的证明有些问题。本文给出了其强相合性的新的证明。     

正蕴涵BCK-代数的伴随半群

本文讨论了正蕴涵BCK－代数的剩余刻划;证明了具有条件（S）的正蕴涵BCK－代数的伴随半群是一个下半格。     

关于序半群的半格同余

Ｎ．Ｋｅｈａｙｏｐｕｌｕ教授在「１」中提出“ｐ０－半群上的半格同余‘Ｎ’是否为去掉最小半格同余”的问题。本文引进半格同余ｎ,证明存在ｐ０－半群Ｓ,Ｓ,上的半格同余ｎ∩→上的半格同余ｎ∩→Ｎ,给出该问题否定回答。     

任意二值随机序列的一个强极限定理

给出了任意二值随机序列随机稀疏的一个强极限定理的信息条件，是Borel强大数定理的推广。     

多原子晶体中强耦合表面极化子的声子平均数

研究多原子晶体中强耦合表面极化子的性质．采用Tokuda改进的线性组合算符和幺正变换方法导出了表面极化子的振动频率和声子平均数，讨论了多原子晶体中强耦合表面极化子的振动频率和声子平均数与拉格朗日乘子u和电子一声子耦合参数α的关系．结果表明：表面极化子的振动频率λ和声子平均数N随耦合参数α和拉格朗日乘子u的增加而增加．