Notes on the natural history of Stizus perrisii ibericus Beaumont (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

A study of the biology of Stizus perrisii ibericus revealed some aspects about the behaviour of males, the nesting behaviour of females, and larval development. The slow mass provisioning of this species is compared with the provisioning behaviour of S. continuus and S. pulcherrimus. Cocoons are constructed in seven stages although, compared with other species, there are differences in the duration of each stage. Natural enemies of the wasp include miltogrammine flies, several cuckoo wasps, and velvet ants.     

Composition of meiobenthonic Platyhelminthes from brackish environments of the Galician and Cantabrian coasts of Spain with the description of a new species of Djeziraia (Polycystididae,Kalyptorhynchia)

From 1997 to 1999, the fauna of free‐living Platyhelminthes of the rias ecosystem was studied along the Galician and Cantabrian coast in northern Spain. In total, 72 platyhelminth species are listed in this study. Forty‐two species represent new records for the Iberian Peninsula, three of which represent new genera records. A new species belonging to the genus Djeziraia (Polycystididae, Kalyptorhynchia), Djeziraia longistyla sp. nov., is described in this paper. In this broad‐scale study, a large data set (27 localities) of the estuaries of northern Spain allowed an analysis of the turbellarian species assemblages and the relation of species distributions to salinity, conductivity, oxygen, temperature, and sediment characteristics. Species assemblages (species diversity) of each habitat of the brackish water ecotone are shown. The present study contributes to knowledge on the ability of adaptation of free‐living Platyhelminthes to regimes of brackish water ecotones.     

An investigation of the blackfly fauna of Andalusia,southern Spain (Diptera: Simuliidae)

A detailed account is provided of the blackfly (Simuliidae) fauna of Andalusia, southern Spain. The work is based on a study of 14204 specimens, of which 13733 were collected by the authors from a total of 137 positive sampling sites during prospections made mainly in early summer 1986 and in the spring seasons of 1994—1998. In all, 25 identified species and two possible species of uncertain identity are recorded. The topographical and climatic background is briefy described, data from previous literature and material from earlier collections are covered, a checklist of the blackflies of Spain and Portugal is provided, and the character of the simuliid fauna is discussed for areas within and outside Andalusia.     

西班牙大学技术转移中心的成功经验分析

随着西班牙国家创新体系战略的实施,西班牙大学与产业界的技术转移活动日趋活跃,逐渐成为了大学技术转移活动开展得比较好的欧盟国家之一。首先从许可合同和衍生企业两个方面介绍了西班牙大学技术转移的具体情况,提出了大学技术转移中心的重要作用。继而提出政府法律法规的建立是西班牙大学技术转移中心成功运作的指导因素,国家大学技术转移协会是其组织保障,技术转移中心的人力资源是其决定因素,高水平的专利管理是其坚实基础,充足的资金资助是其支撑因素。最后,提出了对我国大学技术转移中心的借鉴意义。     

Age structure and growth in an isolated population of Pelodytes punctatus in northern Spain

We studied the age structure and the growth of a breeding population of parsley frogs, Pelodytes punctatus, from a pond system in northern Spain using skeletochronological methods. This population lives in an upland area with marked seasonal differences characterized by long, cold winters and dry summers. We assessed, using the mark–recapture method, the annual periodicity of bone growth marks. Only one line of arrested growth is laid down per winter, showing, in general, a well-defined histological structure. Females are larger than males with 43.31 and 36.32?mm average body length, respectively. This sexual dimorphism in body length increases with age. Males and females reach sexual maturity when they are 1 year old. The oldest males were 8 years old while the females were 2 years older. Growth curves for both sexes were constructed based on body size and the number of lines of arrested growth found in bone sections. The growth rate of males declined abruptly after the first year. Females delayed reproduction and continued to grow at a high rate for 2 years longer than males, thus reaching a higher asymptotic size.     

世界历史上版图最大之帝国初探

古往今来世界上版图特大的帝国（王朝）有哪些，其中最大的是不是蒙古帝国——这是一个饶有兴趣并有待研究的问题。通过地图量算和文献研究，得知19世纪末20世纪初的大英帝国是世界历史上版图最大的帝国，1580-1640年的西班牙帝国是第二大的日不落帝国，19世纪中叶的俄罗斯帝国是欧亚美连成一片的第三大帝国，13—14世纪的蒙古帝国则是地跨欧亚的第四大帝国。     

A new species and new records of the subgenus Typhlodromus Scheuten from Spain,with a key to the world species (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

A new mite species of the family Phytoseiidae (Acari: Mesostigmata), Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) thuriferus sp. nov. collected from the Cupressaceae Juniperus thurifera in Spain is described. Three species of the same subgenus, new records for Spain, are also included. A key to all the species of this subgenus is given.     

The first record of the genus Vejdovskybathynella Serban and Leclerc, 1984 (Syncarida,Bathynellacea, Bathynellidae) in the Iberian Peninsula: three new species

Three new species of the genus Vejdovskybathynella are described from caves in northern Spain. It is the first time that this genus has been documented in the Iberian Peninsula. Vejdovskybathynella edelweiss n. sp. has several unique features: the setal formula of the antenna (0/2+exp/2+0/1+0/0+0/2+2/4); the form of the segments and claws of the mandibular palp of the mandible of the male; exopod of the female thoracopod VIII similar in size to the endopod (exopod is always longer than the endopod); small frontal projection of the basipod of the male thoracopod VIII, large or very large is common; the form and size of the lobes of the male thoracopod VIII is unique; the second spine of the furcal rami 2.5 times longer than the first spine. Vejdovskybathynella caroloi n. sp. has a unique male thoracopod VIII with a spur in the exopod that is a feature unknown in the genus, and additionally, this species has the smallest endopod of the thoracopod VIII male of the entire genus; the presence of three aesthetascs in segments VI and VII of the antennule had not been observed in this genus until now; the form of the segments of the mandibular palp of the mandible of the male are unique; the distal spine of the sympod of the uropod is larger than in other species, whereas in the rest of the species of the genus they are equal in size. Vejdovskybathynella pascalis n. sp. is the smallest species of the genus and has two and three aesthetascs in segments VI and VII of the antennule, respectively; it is the only species of the genus that has one seta on segment I and two setae on segment IV of the antenna; it has a unique male thoracopod VIII with a small spur on the frontal projection of the basipod and with the endopod larger than all other species in spite of its small size; the basal spine of the sympod of the uropod is smaller than the other three.     

论西班牙“黄金时代”战争的宗教形式

16世纪是西班牙的“黄金时代”。这个时期的西班牙继承了广阔的领土。同样也继承了更多的宗教责任。其两代君主基于对宗教的狂热，肩负起保卫基督教世界的重任。为了实现宗教的纯洁与统一，他们常年征伐，不仅对欧洲的新教势力大肆镇压，还对土耳其进行远征。西班牙“黄金时代”的战争以宗教的形式表现出来，但战争的背后则是对王朝利益的维护。     

Oribatid mite (Acari) community structure in steppic habitats of Burgos Province,central northern Spain

This work is a study of the communities of oribatid mites in steppic areas of Burgos Province, central northern Spain, in relation to different habitat types belonging to natural or disturbed ecosystems. The primary objective was to find the relationship between anthropogenic use of land and several diversity indices. Parameters such as abundance, species richness, real diversity (H′) and equitability (J′) of the mite communities were calculated in 20 soil plots, sampled in spring and autumn 2000, belonging to the predominant habitat types of this area: (1) cultivated lands, (2) abandoned crop lands, (3) grasslands/pastures, and (4) natural oak forests or a pine plantation. The most widespread species in the area as well as the most abundant taxa overall are documented, together with the faunistic checklist of oribatid mites identified in the study. The results show a general decline in the composition of the oribatid community, in terms of species diversity and abundance, from non‐disturbed soils to cultivated lands. The number of species (richness) was usually higher in forest soils than in disturbed ecosystems, in which the most degraded soils showed the lowest number of species. The community analysis shows the differences due to habitat type and ubiquitous bioindicator species.