Seed dispersal by megaherbivores: do Asian elephants disperse Mallotus philippinensis,a main food tree in northern India and Nepal?

Megaherbivores play an important role in dispersing forest trees. In lowland Nepal, we tested experimentally whether Asian elephants contributed to the spreading of Mallotus philippinensis in sal forest by ingesting seeds of this species. Seventy-seven dung samples and 200 ripe seeds were sown in plots. No germination was recorded in the dung plots, whereas > 90% of the seeds in the control plots germinated. In sal forest, the abundance of all age classes of Mallotus was higher along elephant tracks than along random transects, but differences were small and not statistically significant. The results did not support the elephant dispersal hypothesis. Instead, we conclude that the spreading of Mallotus and concurrent declining of sal might be the result of shifting ecological successions, triggered by more flooding and a more erratic rainfall pattern combined with less frequent forest fires, all of which are assumed to favour Mallotus and hamper regeneration of Shorea robusta.     

再探历史时期中国野象的变迁

利用考古、孢粉、~(14)C测定年代、传说、文物、文献记载、物候、最新科研成果等大量资料,研究结果表明,历史时期中国野生亚洲象的分布北界由河北阳原(N40°06′)南移至现在的云南盈江(N24°)以南,变动幅度达16°;野生亚洲象由华北、华东、华中、华南、西南的大片地区,紧缩到滇南部分地区,成为濒危的珍稀动物.野生亚洲象巨大变迁的原因主要是:野象的自身习性的限制,生态环境的变化以及人类活动的影响.     

MHC polymorphism and disease-resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in six turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families

This study examined genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) Class II B gene in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) by virulent bacterial pathogen challenge.One hundred fry from each of six families were infected with Edwardsiella tarda by intraperitoneal injection.Family mortality ranged from 28.0% to 83.3%.Complete exon 2 and intron 1 sequences of MHC Class II B genes were amplified from five survivor and five non-survivor individuals per family using the clone-sequence method.Thirty-seven sequences from 60 individuals revealed 37 different alleles,25 of which were unique to this study.The 25 unique alleles belonged to 16 major allele types.Nine alleles were used to examine the association between alleles and resistance/susceptibility to disease.Five alleles were present in an individual,suggesting a minimum of three loci or copies of the turbot MHC Class II B gene.The rate of non-synonymous substitution(d N) was 2.30 and 1.58 times higher than synonymous substitution(d S) in the peptide-binding regions(PBR) and non-PBR in whole families,respectively,which suggested balancing selection on exon 2 of the MHC Class II B gene in turbot.One allele,Scma-DBB1*02,was significantly more prevalent in survivor stock than in non-survivor stock(P=0.001).Therefore,this allele might be associated with resistance to bacteria.A second allele,Scma-DBB1*10,was significantly more prevalent in non-survivor stock(P=0.021),and is likely associated with susceptibility to bacteria.     

Ultrastructural Observation of the Skin Chloride Cells of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthamus maximus Larvae

The ultrastructures of skin chloride cells in cultured Japanese flounder and turbot larvae in metamorphosis,which grow in the same feeding conditions,are examined with a transmission electron microscope.These developed skin chloride cells were shaped like flattened ellipsoids and similar in morphology and ultrastructure to typical chloride cells of euryhaline fish gill.They locate in the epidermis and contract with the extra and interior environment through the apical pit and narrow channels.The cytoplasm of cell is full of numerous mitochondria and a ramifying network of tubules.The degeneration of skin chloride cells is observed with development of Japanese flounder larvae.Skin chloride cells of turbot are less developmental than those of Japanese flounder in the same developmental stage.     

苯扎溴胺和芳草中药对加速大菱鲆组织中硝基呋喃代谢物消除速率的作用初探

 采用投喂药饵的给药方式,研究了苯扎溴胺和芳草中药对加速大菱鲆体内呋喃唑酮和呋喃西林代谢物3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮(3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, AOZ)和氨基脲(Semicarbazide, SEM)消除的作用。总的来说,经过连续2个月投喂,苯扎溴胺和芳草中药均未显著改变大菱鲆体内AOZ和SEM的消除规律和趋势,消除185 d后,两种代谢物在大菱鲆组织中的含量仍高于检出限,与对照组相比差别不大。实验过程中苯扎溴胺不但未对AOZ消除速率表现出促进作用,而且产生一定的毒性,导致大菱鲆生理活性出现异常现象。比较而言,芳草中药在一定程度上不但能够增强大菱鲆的免疫力,还可以促进AOZ的消除,使其消除半衰期(t_1/2)缩短3~5 d;但芳草中药对SEM的消除并没有促进作用,甚至导致其半衰期延长。因此,苯扎溴胺不具有促进硝基呋喃类代谢物消除的作用,不应用于这类药物的消除;而芳草中药具有促进硝基呋喃类代谢物消除的潜在作用,但需要进一步的实验证实。     

呋喃西林和呋喃唑酮代谢物在大菱鲆组织中的消除规律

分别采用呋喃西林或呋喃唑酮单药给药及两种药物共同给药的方式,研究了其代谢物氨基脲(Semicarbazide, SEM)和3-氨基-2-噁唑烷基酮(3-amino-2-oxazolidinone,AOZ)在大菱鲆肌肉、肝脏和血液中的消除规律。结果表明,无论采用何种给药方式,呋喃西林和呋喃唑酮均能在大菱鲆组织中富集,并迅速代谢成SEM和AOZ。不同组织中,肝脏中SEM和AOZ的质量分数最高,其次为肌肉和血液;而同种组织则AOZ的质量分数远高于SEM,前者约为后者的10～30倍。而且两种给药方式下,SEM和AOZ在3种组织中都具有相似的消除规律:初始阶段均具有较高的消除速率,随后消除趋势趋于平缓,并在较长时间内维持一定质量分数,至实验结束时,3种组织中的SEM和AOZ质量分数都仍高于检出限。然而给药方式能够影响SEM和AOZ的富集质量分数及消除速率,如单药给药时SEM和AOZ在大菱鲆组织中的质量分数远高于共同给药下的质量分数,但消除半衰期(t_(1/2))却低于共同给药方式。结果表明硝基呋喃类药物的代谢物在大菱鲆组织中较难消除,具有较长的消除半衰期,应慎重将这类药物应用于大菱鲆疾病的治疗。     

不同生长时期大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)形态性状与体质量的通径分析及曲线拟合研究

【目的】深入了解不同生长时期大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)形态性状与体质量之间的关系,确定适于大菱鲆人工选育的主要测量指标。【方法】应用相关性分析、通径分析和多元回归分析方法对大菱鲆6月龄幼鱼及14月龄成鱼全长(TL)、体长(BL)、头长(HL)、体高(BD)、尾柄宽(THH)、体厚(BW)和体质量(BM)7个性状进行分析,同时通过曲线拟合分析获得形态性状与体质量之间的最佳拟合模型。【结果】不同生长时期,大菱鲆各形态性状与体质量的相关性均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。6月龄阶段,全长(TL)、体高(BD)、体厚(BW)、头长(HL)的直接通径系数达到显著水平(P0.05);14月龄阶段,全长(TL)、体厚(BW)、尾柄宽(THH)的直接通径系数达极显著水平(P0.01),并建立2个生长时期不同性状对体质量的回归方程。6月龄阶段,进入回归方程的各形态性状与体质量(BM)的最优曲线拟合模型均为线性函数模型;14月龄阶段,进入回归方程的各形态性状与体质量(BM)的最优曲线拟合模型均为幂函数模型。【结论】不同时期,影响大菱鲆体质量的主要形态性状不同,且各形态性状对大菱鲆体质量的作用效果也不尽相同,适用的最优拟合模型也不同。建议将全长(TL)(6~14月龄)作为幼鱼与成鱼阶段的主要育种目标性状,同时幼鱼阶段辅以体高(BD)、体厚(BW)和头长(HL)作为参考性状,成鱼阶段辅以体厚(BW)和尾柄宽(THH)为参考性状,从而有效提高大菱鲆的选育效率,为大菱鲆选育提供测量指标与理论支持。     

外源核苷酸对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和溶菌酶活力的影响

【目的】研究外源核苷酸对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长和免疫力的影响,为核苷酸营养在大菱鲆养殖上的推广应用提供依据。【方法】以鱼粉为主要蛋白源,在基础饲料中分别添加不同含量的核苷酸,添加量(W/W)分别为0.00%,0.01%,0.03%,0.10%,0.30%,0.50%。在人工养殖的情况下(自然光照,水温11.0~16.3℃),对初始体质量为12.07~12.29g的大菱鲆幼鱼进行核苷酸营养的外源添加实验,分别在4周和8周对不同组别的生长和生态转化效率进行定期测定。然后在8周实验结束时,对大菱鲆血清中溶菌酶活力进行测定。【结果】随着在基础饲料中核苷酸添加量的增加,大菱鲆的特定生长率逐渐减小,且大菱鲆生态转化效率实验组小于对照组,而血清中溶菌酶活性实验组高于对照组。【结论】核苷酸对大菱鲆幼鱼的生长无明显的促进或抑制作用,对血清中的溶菌酶活性具有促进作用。     

Ultrastructural Observation of the Skin Chloride Celis of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and Turbot Scophthamus maximus Larvae

The ultrastructures of skin chloride celis in cultured Japanese flounder and turbot larvae in metamorphosis, which grow in the same feeding conditions, are examined with a transmission electron microscope. These developed skin chloride celis were shaped like flattened ellipsoids and similar in morphology and ultrastructure to typical chloride celis of euryhaline fish gill. They lo-cate in the epidermis and contract with the extra and interior environment through the apical pit and narrow channels. The cytoplasm of cell is full of numerous mitochondria and a ramifying net-work of tubules. The degeneration of skin chloride celis is observed with development of Japanese flounder larvae. Skin chloride celis of turbot are less developmental than those of Japanese flounder in the same developmental stage.     

福建近海姥鲨肝油中角鲨烯的分离测定

采用薄层层析和气相层析法分离、检测了福建近海姥鲨（Cetorhinus maximus）幼鱼肝脏中鱼鲨烯含量，结果表明：1）采用正已烷为展开剂的薄层层析法，碳氢化合物角鲨烯的回收率可达95％；2）姥鲨肝脏中肝油和碳氢化合物含量存在明显的性别差异，但肝脏和肝油中角鲨烯含量无明显性别差异，分别为0．31％（♀）、0．32％（♂）和0．40％（♀）、0．46％（♂）；3）福建近海姥鲨肝脏中角鲨烯明显高于福建近海其它鲨鳐类。