String theory,Einstein, and the identity of physics: Theory assessment in absence of the empirical

String theorists are certain that they are practicing physicists. Yet, some of their recent critics deny this. This paper argues that this conflict is really about who holds authority in making rational judgment in theoretical physics. At bottom, the conflict centers on the question: who is a proper physicist? To illustrate and understand the differing opinions about proper practice and identity, we discuss different appreciations of epistemic virtues and explanation among string theorists and their critics, and how these have been sourced in accounts of Einstein's biography. Just as Einstein is claimed by both sides, historiography offers examples of both successful and unsuccessful non-empirical science. History of science also teaches that times of conflict are often times of innovation, in which novel scholarly identities may come into being. At the same time, since the contributions of Thomas Kuhn historians have developed a critical attitude towards formal attempts and methodological recipes for epistemic demarcation and justification of scientific practice. These are now, however, being considered in the debate on non-empirical physics.     

颈沟基合(Bosminoposis deitersi Richard)种群的滤食率初探

对颈沟基合（Ｂ．ｄｅｒｔｅｒｓｉ）种群的滤食率进行了初步的研究同时，对影响滤食率的几种主要因素，如水温、光照、饵料生物等，也做了初步定量的研究     

多刺秀体与隆线以及多刺裸腹3个种群的耐盐力初探

在实验室内对种群水平上的多刺秀体（Ｄ．ｓａｒｓｉＲｉｃｈａｒｄ）,隆线（Ｄ．ｃａｒｉｎａｔａＫｉｎｇ）和多刺裸腹（Ｍ．ｍａｃｒｏｃｏｐａＳｔｒａｕｓ）进行了耐盐力的测试,用多刺秀体种群作相关影响因素的测试,包括盐价,温度和种群年龄结构引起的差异,并用该种群中成活;昏迷;死亡个体作染色实验,确定盐在体内沉积的部位,结果表明：盐对多刺秀体种群的半致死浓度为０１８９‰;隆线种群１１２５‰;多刺裸腹种群２８２８‰．盐价和温度对种群的半致死率起着协同作用．盐水被枝角类吞食后沉积在肠道内,死亡个体全部因为无法排出盐水而涨破肠道导致死亡     

理查德·赖特《黑孩子》中的“饥饿”主题解读

"饥饿"是理查德·赖特《黑孩子》(《美国饥饿》)的主题之一。对理查德·赖特而言,生活的意义在于努力寻求生命的价值。本文通过分析和解读"饥饿"的表面意义和象征意义,旨在使读者更好地理解这部小说的现实意义。     

On ＂Richard Cory＂

＂Richard Cory＂ is one of Edwin Arlington Robinson＇s remarkable poems. The form of the poem is traditional. The words in the poem are seemingly simple but particularly chosen. The theme of the poem is about the importance of the spiritual life. As time goes on, the poem is still displaying lasting and universal meaning.     

Scientific Discovery: Between Incommensurability of Paradigms and Historical Continuity

Discoveries in physics imply two elements. The firstone is the belief that formal tools, already foundedin the framework of existing mathematical theories,may offer the solution to a puzzling anomaly. Thesecond one is the ability to assign a physical meaningto the adopted formalism, and to consider all itstheoretical implications.Discussing an historical case where the adoption of aparticular formalism represents the real motor of thecreative intuition, we mean to delineate scientificdiscovery both as a discontinuous change with respectto previous achievements and as a linear process ofknowledge enrichment.On March 1948, during the Pocono conference thatfollowed the one held in Shelter Island, Feynmananalysed the electron-photon interaction formulatingit in terms of the Lagrangian formalism. Thedevelopment of Feynman's idea draws attention to thepoint that novel theoretical discoveries may be theresult of applying existing formal tools. They may bethe result of giving different interpretations toprevious scientific thinking (according to thehermeneutical point that not even scientific textshave a single, absolute meaning but are given amultiplicity of possible readings by different peoplein different contexts).     

Thomas Reid’s Newtonian Theism: his differences with the classical arguments of Richard Bentley and William Whiston

Reid was a Newtonian and a Theist, but did he found his Theism on Newton’s physics? In opposition to commonplace assumptions about the role of Theism in Reid’s philosophy, my answer is no. Reid prefers to found his Theism on a priori reasons, rather than on physics. Reid’s understanding of physics as an empirical science stops it from contributing in any clear and efficient way to issues of natural theology. In addition, Reid is highly sceptical of our ability to discover the efficient and final causes of natural phenomena, knowledge of which is essential for natural theology. To bring out Reid’s differences with classical Newtonian Theists Richard Bentley and William Whiston, I examine their use of the law and force of general gravitation, and reconstruct what would be Reidian objections.     

Explicating formal epistemology: Carnap's legacy as Jeffrey's radical probabilism

Quine's “naturalized epistemology” presents a challenge to Carnapian explication: why try to rationally reconstruct probabilistic concepts instead of just doing psychology? This paper tracks the historical development of Richard C. Jeffrey who, on the one hand, voiced worries similar to Quine's about Carnapian explication but, on the other hand, claims that his own work in formal epistemology—what he calls “radical probabilism”—is somehow continuous with both Carnap's method of explication and logical empiricism. By examining how Jeffrey's claim could possibly be accurate, the paper suggests that Jeffrey's radical probabilism can be seen as a sort of alternative explication project to Carnap's own inductive logic. In so doing, it deflates both Quine's worries about Carnapian explication and so also, by extension, similar worries about formal epistemology.     

“通俗艺术的审美辩护”的批评

20世纪下半叶以来,随着通俗艺术在世界范围内的兴盛,美学家们逐渐对其进行了关注并展开了批评。立足于实用主义立场,美国当代著名学者理查德.舒斯特曼对驳斥了英美分析美学家与西方马克思主义者对通俗艺术的片面指责,从美学的角度对其价值做出了肯定性的评价。本文从理由、立场、内容及目的等几个方面分析批评了舒斯特曼对通俗艺术进行的审美辩护,既肯定了其辩护的积极意义,又揭示了其辩护所存在的局限性。     

理查德·赖特《即将成人》的成长主题

《即将成人》是理查德·赖特的一部著名短篇小说,也是一部关于美国黑人青少年的成长小说。运用成长小说理论,通过分析主人公戴维·桑德斯的成长经历和成长过程,探讨成长主题在《即将成人》中的主要体现,试图从新的视角解读作家的创作意图和文学主张。