Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms

Autophagic degradation of cytoplasm (including protein, RNA etc.) is a non-selective bulk process, as indicated by ultrastructural evidence and by the similarity in autophagic sequestration rates of various cytosolic enzymes with different half-lives. The initial autophagic sequestration step, performed by a poorly-characterized organelle called a phagophore, is subject tofeedback inhibition by purines and amino acids, the effect of the latter being potentiated by insulin and antagonized by glucagon. Epinephrine and other adrenergic agonists inhibit autophagic sequestration through a prazosin-sensitive ₁-adrenergic mechanism. The sequestration is also inhibited by cAMP and by protein phosphorylation as indicated by the effects of cyclic nucleotide analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and okadaic acid.Asparagine specifically inhibits autophagic-lysosomal fusion without having any significant effects on autophagic sequestration, on intralysosomal degradation or on the endocytic pathway. Autophaged material that accumulates in prelysosomal vacuoles in the presence of asparagine is accessible to endocytosed enzymes, revealing the existence of an amphifunctional organelle, the amphisome. Evidence from several cell types suggests that endocytosis may be coupled to autophagy to a variable extent, and that the amphisome may play a central role as a collecting station for material destined for lysosomal degradation.Protein degradation can also take place in a salvage compartment closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this compartment unassembled protein chains are degraded by uncharacterized proteinases, while resident proteins roturn to the ER and assembled secretory and membrane proteins proceed through the Golgi apparatus. In thetrans-Golgi network some proteins are proteolytically processed by Ca²⁺-dependent proteinases; furthermore, this compartment sorts proteins to lysosomes, various membrane domains, endosomes or secretory vesicles/granules. Processing of both endogenous and exogenous proteins can occurr in endosomes, which may play a particularly important role in antigen processing and presentation. Proteins in endosomes or secretory compartments can either be exocytosed, or channeled to lysosomes for degradation. The switch mechanisms which decide between these options are subject to bioregulation by external agents (hormones and growth factors), and may play an important role in the control of protein uptake and secretion.     

小米乳在冰淇淋中的应用研究

详细介绍了以小米替代淀粉,研制的具有天然色香味的小米冰淇淋的生产工艺及配方。小米冰淇淋营养丰富、成本低、工艺简单、具有一定的推广价值。     

G蛋白偶联受体研究进展

G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）是体内最大的蛋白质超家族，根据结构的同源性，主要分为A、B、C3族．GPCRs配体的多样性决定配体结合域的多样性．受体分子内相互作用力的破坏、质子化、构象改变、与G蛋白的偶联及受体二聚化参与了GPCRs的活化过程，近年发现GPCRs的失敏和内吞对受体功能调节亦非常重要，本文拟综述以上内容的研究进展．     

含向列液晶交联剂的液晶弹性体液晶性能

把向列液晶交联剂 4 (ω 烯丙酰氧基己氧基 )苯甲酸 2 叔丁基 1,4 二酚酯和胆甾液晶单体 4 烯丙氧基苯甲酸胆甾醇酯接枝到含氢硅氧烷链上 ,交联剂的质量分数由 0至 12 %,得到系列液晶弹性体P1～P7·通过热分析、偏光显微分析等手段研究了向列液晶交联剂对弹性体液晶性能的影响·结果表明 ,P1～P7都有液晶性能 ,均为胆甾液晶织构 ,系列液晶弹性体的tg 随交联剂在链中浓度增加而降低 ,ti 变化不大 ,具有较宽的液晶区间 ,在 182℃以上·交联剂质量分数为 2 %时 ,即从P4 开始弹性增加 ,当交联剂的质量分数大于 8%时 ,液晶相存在至热分解温度 ,所有液晶弹性体的热稳...     

硫存在下的中间相炭微球制备及形貌

在煤焦油沥青中添加硫，420℃下反应7h得到了不同形貌的中间相炭微球．通过对沥青中间相接组成、软化点和甲苯可溶物(TS)相对分子质量的测定，发现硫在热缩聚反应中交联作用明显．扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对中间相反微球形貌的表征结果显示，随着硫在原料中加量的增加，生成中间相构筑单元的时间推迟，中间相反微球的尺寸变大；另一方面，体系中的硫使先前生成的中间相反微球表面活性点增多，中间相反微球在碰撞时会发生粘连，后续的中间相构筑单元的堆积将产生各种异形，如哑铃形和蛹状等．另外，在开放体系中，使用氮气鼓泡，过快地形成了中间相反微球，这种炭微球存在大量的裂缝．     

蛋白质芯片技术的研究进展

蛋白质芯片技术是生物化学和分子生物学上具有较大作用的生物检测技术。该文简要综述了该技术的发展概况、基本原理及目前应用，并指出了存在的问题和发展前景。     

Swelling Studies of Chitosan-Gelatin Films Cross-Linked by Sulfate

0　IntroductionChitosanisadeacetylatedderivativeofchitin ,containinginitsstructure glucosamineandacetylglucosamine joinedthroughβ (1→ 4 )linkages.ItisinsolubleinwaterandcommonorganicsolventsbutsolubleatapHunder 6 .5acidicmedia.Duetoitsexcellentbiodegradableandbiocompatiblecharacter,chi tosanhasbeenexaminedextensivelyinthepharmaceuticalindus tryforitspotentialinthedevelopmentofdrugdeliverysys tems[1 ,2 ] .Gelatinisabiodegradablepolymerofwidesafety ,pro ducedfromcollagen ,themostabundantprote…     

羟基锆交联膨润土的制备与表征

以宁明膨润土酸化改性制备的活性白土为原料,通过均匀设计制备出羟基锆交联膨润土,并用XRD、SEM、BET、电位滴定等方法对其进行结构和性能表征,最后讨论分析了制备条件对结构与性能的影响。     

乐清产缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)肉营养成分的研究

就缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)的营养成分进行了分析。用干燥法、凯氏定氮法、灼烧法、酸水解法、蒽酮比色法等方法,分别对其水分、蛋白质、灰分、脂肪、碳水化合物等营养成分作了测定。结果显示:水分、蛋白质、灰分、脂肪、碳水化合物占缢蛏肉百分比分别为85.56%,10.16%,2.82%,0.55%,0.93%。经比较,本实验缢蛏中的蛋白质成分高于其它地区。说明乐清产缢蛏是一种高蛋白、低脂肪,富含灰分的海味佳品。     

A STUDY OF THE IMPOVEMENT OF TENACITY OF POLYACRYLONITRILE PREOXIDED FIBRE BY USING CUPROUS SALT

Polyacrylonitrile preoxided fibre PANOF is an intermediate in carbon fibre preparation. Thequality of PANOF is closely related to the property and structure of carbon fibre. In this paper, thermal mechanical analysis(TMA), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), swell-ing differential scanning calorimetry(SDSC)and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)wereused to study the increase in tenacity of PANOF from the precursor treated with cuprous salt It has been discovered that the cuprous salt reacts strongly with the uncyclized CN of PANOF,resulting in an increase in the tenacity of PANOF by 30%. The results shwo that the cause of thistenacity improvement is the formation of coordinated complex. Cu~+is the central ion, and PANOFthe ligand. It is due to the coordinate bond that the network structure is formed from uncyclizedCN of PANOF. Therefore the tenacity of PANOF is remarkably increased.