燕山西段前寒武系雾迷山组叠层石的环境意义

叠层石广泛见于燕山西段前寒武系雾迷山组,文中将其分为六种类型:核形石、凝块石、层状叠层石、波状叠层石、锥状叠层石和柱状叠层石。叠层石形态的变化由前向后代表由低能向高能的环境转变,其中以层状叠层石在雾迷山组最为丰富。研究表明,在当时无捕食动物与钻孔动物存在的情况下,大多数叠层石发育于潮下带环境。层状和波状叠层石主要出现在潮下高能带的下部,少量见于受保护的潮间环境。潮下层状和波状叠层石以其色深、纹层密集、缺乏干裂收缩缝和窗格状组构区别于潮间带。锥柱状叠层石出现于潮间带和潮下高能带的上部;潮间带的锥柱状叠层石可能因暴露干裂而继承性地有壁,但潮下带的却可能没有。核形石和凝块石占据着泻湖和水下凹地(生物丘之间的低洼地或废弃潮汐沟道)等低能环境。燕山西段的叠层石罕见于潮上带和波基面之下的潮下低能带。     

When and how did plate tectonics begin？ Theoretical and empirical considerations

Plate tectonics is the horizontal motion of Earth’s thermal boundary layer (lithosphere) over the convecting mantle (asthenosphere) and is mostly driven by lithosphere sinking in subduction zones. Plate tectonics is an outstanding example of a self organizing, far from equilibrium complex system (SOFFECS), driven by the negative buoyancy of the thermal boundary layer and controlled by dissipation in the bending lithosphere and viscous mantle. Plate tectonics is an unusual way for a silicate planet to lose heat, as it exists on only one of the large five silicate bodies in the inner solar system. It is not known when this mode of tectonic activity and heat loss began on Earth. All silicate planets probably experienced a short-lived magma ocean stage. After this solidified, stagnant lid behavior is the common mode of planetary heat loss, with interior heat being lost by delamination and “hot spot” volcanism and shallow intrusions. Decompression melting in the hotter early Earth generated a different lithosphere than today, with thicker oceanic crust and thinner mantle lithosphere; such lithosphere would take much longer than at present to become negatively buoyant, suggesting that plate tectonics on the early Earth occurred sporadically if at all. Plate tectonics became sustainable (the modern style) when Earth cooled sufficiently that decompression melting beneath spreading ridges made thin oceanic crust, allowing oceanic lithosphere to become negatively buoyant after a few tens of millions of years. Ultimately the question of when plate tectonics began must be answered by informa- tion retrieved from the geologic record. Criteria for the operation of plate tectonics includes ophiolites, blueschist and ultra-high pressure metamorphic belts, eclogites, passive margins, transform faults, paleomagnetic demonstration of different motions of different cratons, and the presence of diagnostic geochemical and isotopic indicators in igneous rocks. This record must be interpreted individually; I interpret the record to indicate a progression of tectonic styles from active Archean tectonics and magmatism to something similar to plate tectonics at ~1.9 Ga to sustained, modern style plate tectonics with deep subduction——and powerful slab pull——beginning in Neoproterozoic time.     

五台山—恒山地区变质岩系构造相相变成因分析

五台山—恒山地区出露有不同层次的地壳,是研究构造相最理想的地区之一。作者对该区早前寒武纪构造特征进行了分析。根据不同层次的褶皱、断裂、布丁化岩石及同构造分泌结晶脉的宏观地质特征和与其相关的微组构特征,结合当前实验研究成果,提出了变质岩构造相新的划分方案,并对该区进行了构造相的划分;综合地质单元的地质特征、岩石学、变形变质特征和同位素年代学资料,对区内早前寒武纪的构造环境进行了初步研究;并在此基础上对该区的地壳演化和构造相相变成因进行了探讨。合理地解释了变质岩区普遍发生的所谓"同岩异化"和"异岩趋同",或"同物异相"和"同相异样"现象,为变质岩区提供了一种新的研究思路和工作方法。恒山角闪麻粒岩相高级区代表中-下地壳的过渡带、拆离带,其典型的构造样式、物质组成、变质作用及深融作用对于研究中下地壳的流变习性、地壳分异作用、早期大陆裂解事件具有十分重要的意义。     

斯匹茨卑尔根群岛韦特尔茄尔斯冰山地区海克拉霍克岩系褶皱特征与构造演化

本文讨论了韦特尔茄尔斯地区海克拉霍克岩系褶皱构造的特征:早期是一系列不同级别的平卧褶皱,并伴生有轴面片理S_1;晚期褶皱表现为不同时代、不同方向、不同类型的叠加褶皱,轴面近直立,有时伴有轴面劈理。叠加褶皱的类型有共轴和横轴重褶构造、两类不同横跨构造和被限制构造。该区经历了六个构造形变期,以相当于主加里东期的第二期(D_2)与喜马拉雅期的第五期(D_5)形变期最为重要。所有的构造形变均与基底断裂,尤其是与西侧滨外的斯匹茨卑尔根断裂带的活动有关。     

地球的陆壳是怎样形成的?——神秘而有趣的前寒武纪地质学

地球的年龄大约有46亿年。以5.45亿年为界,之前的称为前寒武纪,它有大约40亿年,是地球历史上漫长的地质时代。之后的称为显生宙,寒武纪就是显生宙的第一个纪元。地球陆壳的80%～90%以上是在前寒武纪形成的,记录了复杂和惊心动魄的地质构造事件,赋存着丰富的矿产资源。前寒武纪地质,就是研究地球在前寒武纪时期的地质演化,特别是大陆的形成和增生以及演化的学科。     

四川冕宁前寒武纪变质沉积岩的地球化学及其时代

四川冕宁龙黑木地区前寒武纪变质沉积岩可分为碎屑沉积变质的黑云斜长变粒岩、云母石英片岩,变质长石石英砂岩及化学沉积变质的大理岩等两类。     

太行山中南段长城系赵家庄组沉积特征

前寒武纪沉积地层多因地质时代久远而受到过变质作用的强烈改造,因而沉积作用过程研究难度较大且较为薄弱。以详细的野外地质剖面测制工作为基础,结合区域地质背景资料分析,通过野外岩石类型鉴定、沉积构造鉴别及室内岩相古地理综合分析等,发现太行山中南段长城系赵家庄组发育陆相→海相的沉积岩相组合,主要形成环境为冲积扇相→潮坪相,地层顶底界线清晰,易于识别。赵家庄组完整的地层层序可划分为4段,包括粗碎屑岩层、砂岩页岩互层、页岩层和叠层石藻礁层,岩石类型丰富,地层沉积特征明显,具有明显的沉积环境指示作用,可以作为地质工作者进一步研究前寒武纪沉积环境及早期古生物的一个窗口。