银豹蛱蝶Childrena childreni(Gray)的异常型

记述了银豹蛱蝶Childrenachildrena (Gray)的异常型。     

Phylogenetic relationship and morphological evolution in the subfamily Limenitidinae （Lepidoptera： Nymphalidae）

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I （CO1） gene and the nuclear elongation factor 1 α（EF-1α） gene were sequenced from 29 species of Nymphalidae （Nymphalidae, Lepidoptera）. Phylogenetic trees were constructed based on the sequences determined from the 29 species and sequences of other 36 species deposited in GenBank using the neighbor-joining （NJ）, maximum likelihood （ML） and Bayesian methods with Libythea celtis （Libytheinae） as the outgroup. Our phylogenetic trees indicated four major clades. Clade A includes three subfamilies： Apaturinae, Nymphalinae, and Limenitidinae, excluding the tribe Limenitidini; Clade B includes the subfamilies Heliconiinae and the tribe Limenitidini; Clade C includes Satyrinae, Calinaginae, Charaxinae and Morphinae; and Clade D includes subfamily Danainae. Our study suggested that the tribes Pseudergolini, Biblidini, Limenitidini and Cyrestidini should be considered as subfamilies and confirmed the interspecific relationships within the subfamily Pseudergolinae, namely Amnosia ＋（Pseudergolis ＋ （Stibochiona ＋ Dichorragia））. We then mapped three morphological characters （spot of anal angle, eyespots, and process from outer margin of hind wing） onto the phylogenetic tree constructed by ML analysis using the combined sequence data. Based on this the evolutionary patterns of these morphological characters were identified, they indicated that the three characters evolved repeatedly in the family Nymphalidae.     

九龙山、凤阳山、百山祖、大洋山蛱蝶科蝶类调查研究

作者通过5年多时间，对浙江丽水的九龙山、凤阳山、百山祖和大洋山的峡蝶科蝶类进行调查研究，共发现76种，并研究和讨论了四地区峡蝶科蝶类相似程度及原因.     

中国蝴蝶新种记述(Ⅲ)(鳞翅目)

记载采自湖南省的中国蝴蝶2新种,模式标本保存在湖南省东安县第一中学。     

Estimating divergence times among subfamilies in Nymphalidae

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit Ⅰ （COⅠ） gene and the nuclear elongation factor 1α （EF-1α） gene were sequenced from 13 species of Nymphalidae. Phylogenetic trees of Nymphalidae, which is the largest family in butterflies, were constructed based on the sequences determined from 13 species sequenced in our laboratory and an additional 43 species obtained from GenBank using the maximum likelihood （ML） and Bayesian methods. Relative-rate tests between lineages in these phylogenetic trees were performed. On the basis of the results of the relative-rate tests and fossil information of Satyrinae, Nymphalinae and Biblidinae, the average divergence times among the subfamilies are estimated as 44.2-87.1 million years ago （Ma）. These results will be helpful for better understanding of the origin and evolution of this family, as well as the divergence time of butterflies and other complex taxa.     

Description of the biology and immature stages of Pagyris ulla (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) in the Colombian Andes

The biology and immature stages of Pagyris ulla (Hewitson, [1857]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiini) are described for the first time. The species’ host plant is established to be Brugmansia candida Pers. (Solanaceae). The life cycle from eggs to adult under laboratory conditions and ambient temperature took approximately 47 days, and the larvae passed through five instars. The larvae are gregarious, feed at night, and rest during the day in nests made by joining leaves near the apex of the plant stem.