Maxwell's role in turning the concept of model into the methodology of modeling

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition.     

基于混合优化算法的关节臂式测量机参数标定

为进一步提高关节臂式坐标测量机等高机动性精密测量设备的测量精度,使用D-H矩阵法建立其关节坐标转换数学模型并据此推导出参数误差模型.针对非线性多参数标定问题,通过变换分析消除了最小二乘法求解时矩阵中的冗余参数,降低了计算的复杂性.设定判定准则并实现最小二乘法和模拟退火算法的混合,提出了一种基于混合优化算法的参数标定方法,解决了LM算法的初值设定和SA算法的搜索效率逐步降低的问题.实验结果表明:关节臂式测量机参数经混合优化算法标定后,参数的误差范围有了显著的缩小,单点重复性误差的平均值减小了1.746 mm,长度误差的平均值减小了0.941 mm,测量误差得到了进一步的抑制.     

高陡横坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础受力分析

基于高陡横坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础承载特性,提出了一种改进有限杆单元计算分析方法.分析了高陡横坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础承载机理及受力特性,建立了双桩基础计算分析模型.其次,根据前、后桩与边坡相对位置关系,给出了后桩所受剩余下滑力与前桩所受土压力的比例关系.在传统有限杆单元分析方法基础上,结合陡坡桩受力特征,导得了考虑桩土共同作用与"P-Δ"效应的单元刚度矩阵修正方法,并在此基础上编制了适用于高陡横坡段桩柱式桥梁双桩基础的有限杆单元分析MATLAB计算程序.采用室内模型试验对本文计算方法进行验证,给出了适用于陡坡段桥梁桩基的设计流程图.研究结果表明:本文理论计算值与模型试验实测结果吻合良好,表明本文计算方法正确可行,可为同类工程设计提供参考.     

基于LQG控制的整车8-DOF系统振动分析

建立了整车8-DOF系统动力学模型,考虑了主动悬架控制,并增设了主动座椅控制,设计了车辆主动悬架系统的LQG控制器。基于Matlab仿真平台建立了整车8-DOF系统动力学仿真模型,对所得最优控制策略下的动态响应进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明:为了改善人椅系统质心及车身质心的跳振性能需要在一定程度上弱化各轮轮胎动位移性能。从控制效能上来看,该最优控制器能够满足各行驶状态下对悬架性能的要求,改善了车辆的行驶平顺性。     

Effect of Al on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg–1Mn alloy sheet

The effect of Al addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of hot extruded Mg–1 Mn alloy sheet was investigated. The results revealed that the dynamic recrystallization was promoted by increasing Al content. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy increased with the increase of Al content. The Mg–9 Al–1 Mn alloy exhibited the highest strength, with tensile strength of 308 MPa, 307 MPa, 319 MPa, yield strength of 199 MPa, 207 MPa, 220 MPa and the elongation of 20.9%, 20.1%, 19.2% in 0°, 45°, 90°, respectively.The high strength was mainly attributed to the formation of fine dynamically recrystallized grains and large amounts of the second phase. The strengthening mechanism of the alloys was explained.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and wear resistance of an Al–Mg–Si alloy produced by equal channel angular pressing

Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance in an ultrafine-grained Al–Mg–Si alloy fabricated utilizing a combination of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and dynamic aging were investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the grain size of the ECAP alloy was significantly refined, i.e., to ~239 nm after three ECAP passes. Meanwhile, the yield and tensile strength of the ECAPed material reached 340 MPa and 445 MPa, respectively, while maintaining a significant uniform elongation of 14%. Wear resistance results demonstrated that the wear rate, wear depth and width of the ECAPed material decreased in comparison with the solution-treated (SST) and peak-aged (T6) conditions under a load range of 5–25 N. The adhesive wear that occurs in the undeformed specimens at 10 N does not appear in the ECAPed specimen at the same load, indicating that the ECAPed specimen delay the appearance of more serious wear mechanisms under certain loads. The cooperative interaction of high density nano-scale β" precipitates and dislocations resulted in a combination of super-high strength and good work hardening ability which suppressed the extension of cracks between the friction layer and the plastic deformation zone. As a consequence, the combination of ECAP and dynamic aging brings a significant improvement for antifriction performance of the 6061 aluminum alloy.     

疏松砂岩油藏大孔道定性识别新方法研究

疏松砂岩油藏在长期注水开发过程中,往往伴随着大孔道的出现,这严重影响了油藏水驱开发效果,制约了采出程度的进一步提高,因此,大孔道识别及有效封堵成为该类油藏急需解决的关键问题.通过研究分析,确定了影响大孔道从形成到发展的7种主要静态因素,以及标志大孔道形成的6种主要动态因素.将层次分析法及灰色关联法相结合,分别计算静态及动态因素的权重,建立了全新的大孔道定性识别模型.示踪剂监测结果验证了该方法的实用性和有效性.     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling

In view of the special requirements for strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling, the Al-6.2 Zn-2.5 Mg-1.6 Cu alloy was prepared by increasing Cu content on basis of Russian Series 1953 alloy. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and properties of the alloy was characterized by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM), and investigated by tensile test at room temperature, thermal exposure test and corrosion test. The results show that the strength after T6 aging treatment exhibit a decrease trend as an increase of the solution temperature from465 °C to 480 °C. After the solution treated by the rate of 470 °C/1 h, second phases dissolve into the matrix very well and the strength property reaches optimum. The alloy has better comprehensive properties treated by a solution treatment of 470 °C/1 h and then followed by an aging treatment of 120 °C/24 h + 170 °C/1 h + 120 °C/24 h. Under the aging state, the precipitated phases inside the grains are suitable in size, while on the grain boundary distribute discontinuously and the precipitate-free zone is obvious. Besides, the alloy still maintain high tensile properties. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 650 MPa, 686 MPa,12.0%, respectively. The yield strength retention after heat exposure is 92%. The alloy has good corrosion resistance and the exfoliation corrosion degree. The average corrosion rate in the H_2S and CO_2 environment is 0.0024 mm/a, which is far less than the required 0.12 mm/a. It is insensitive to H_2S and CO_2 environments.     

基于一维数据逐段均匀条件下的参考分布研究

聚类分析中一个重要的问题是估计聚类数,GS方法通过参考分布对聚类数进行合理的估计,解决了其他聚类方法无法对应分为一类的数据进行分类的问题,具有更好的分类效果;目前已通过理论证明得出,在分布为对数凹且一维情况下,GS方法的参考分布为均匀分布,而有关其在其他条件下的参考分布研究较少;针对这一情况,提出解决一维且逐段均匀条件下GS方法的参考分布问题,以类内平方和为评价标准,通过拉格朗日乘数法求解与问题等价的优化问题,理论证出条件下总体均匀分布是类内平方和最大的情况,进而得出对于一维数据,逐段均匀条件下的参考分布仍为均匀分布的结论。     

基于突变级数法的福州市某区土壤重金属污染综合评价

以福州市某区土壤为研究对象,采用突变级数法对福州市某区土壤重金属污染进行评价,依据主成分分析对评价因子进行选择,整个评价指标体系避免了人为确定权重的主观性.结果表明:福州市某区土壤重金属污染目前整体呈现一个较为良好的态势,但有部分地区处于"病态"状况.距离该区中心较近的西客站、李园天桥、远洋以及于山、东街口到靠近郊区的燎原、三角埕、鼓山等地的污染的综合隶属值呈递增的趋势,表明距离城市中心越近的土壤重金属污染越为严重.