Maxwell's role in turning the concept of model into the methodology of modeling

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition.     

Effect of Al on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-extruded Mg–1Mn alloy sheet

The effect of Al addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of hot extruded Mg–1 Mn alloy sheet was investigated. The results revealed that the dynamic recrystallization was promoted by increasing Al content. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy increased with the increase of Al content. The Mg–9 Al–1 Mn alloy exhibited the highest strength, with tensile strength of 308 MPa, 307 MPa, 319 MPa, yield strength of 199 MPa, 207 MPa, 220 MPa and the elongation of 20.9%, 20.1%, 19.2% in 0°, 45°, 90°, respectively.The high strength was mainly attributed to the formation of fine dynamically recrystallized grains and large amounts of the second phase. The strengthening mechanism of the alloys was explained.     

Microstructure,mechanical properties and wear resistance of an Al–Mg–Si alloy produced by equal channel angular pressing

Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance in an ultrafine-grained Al–Mg–Si alloy fabricated utilizing a combination of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and dynamic aging were investigated in this paper. The results indicated that the grain size of the ECAP alloy was significantly refined, i.e., to ~239 nm after three ECAP passes. Meanwhile, the yield and tensile strength of the ECAPed material reached 340 MPa and 445 MPa, respectively, while maintaining a significant uniform elongation of 14%. Wear resistance results demonstrated that the wear rate, wear depth and width of the ECAPed material decreased in comparison with the solution-treated (SST) and peak-aged (T6) conditions under a load range of 5–25 N. The adhesive wear that occurs in the undeformed specimens at 10 N does not appear in the ECAPed specimen at the same load, indicating that the ECAPed specimen delay the appearance of more serious wear mechanisms under certain loads. The cooperative interaction of high density nano-scale β" precipitates and dislocations resulted in a combination of super-high strength and good work hardening ability which suppressed the extension of cracks between the friction layer and the plastic deformation zone. As a consequence, the combination of ECAP and dynamic aging brings a significant improvement for antifriction performance of the 6061 aluminum alloy.     

Effect of heat treatment on microstructures and properties of a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling

In view of the special requirements for strength, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy for oil drilling, the Al-6.2 Zn-2.5 Mg-1.6 Cu alloy was prepared by increasing Cu content on basis of Russian Series 1953 alloy. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructures and properties of the alloy was characterized by optical microscope(OM), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscope(TEM), and investigated by tensile test at room temperature, thermal exposure test and corrosion test. The results show that the strength after T6 aging treatment exhibit a decrease trend as an increase of the solution temperature from465 °C to 480 °C. After the solution treated by the rate of 470 °C/1 h, second phases dissolve into the matrix very well and the strength property reaches optimum. The alloy has better comprehensive properties treated by a solution treatment of 470 °C/1 h and then followed by an aging treatment of 120 °C/24 h + 170 °C/1 h + 120 °C/24 h. Under the aging state, the precipitated phases inside the grains are suitable in size, while on the grain boundary distribute discontinuously and the precipitate-free zone is obvious. Besides, the alloy still maintain high tensile properties. The yield strength, tensile strength and elongation are 650 MPa, 686 MPa,12.0%, respectively. The yield strength retention after heat exposure is 92%. The alloy has good corrosion resistance and the exfoliation corrosion degree. The average corrosion rate in the H_2S and CO_2 environment is 0.0024 mm/a, which is far less than the required 0.12 mm/a. It is insensitive to H_2S and CO_2 environments.     

Electrochemical studies of glutathione monolayer assembled on a polycrystalline gold electrode

The glutathione (GSH) monolayer and complex monolayer of GSH-metallic ion on polycrystalline gold electrode were studied by using K₃Fe(CN)₆ as the redox probe. As for the GSH monolayer, it was found that the metallic ions could open the ion-gate in the monolayer dramatically in the order La³⁺> Pb²⁺>>Ba²⁺>Ca²⁺ whereas Zn²⁺ ion closed the ion-gate. The complexes of GSH-metallic ions were capable of self-assembling the different kind of monolayer. All the differences were related to the structural configuration of the anchored GSH molecule, which changed with different metallic ions or pH. Biography:Fang Cheng (1971-) male, Ph. D, research direction: electroanlysis.     

基于线性元的电阻抗成像的数学模型和算法

本文讨论了电阻抗成像的数学模型，先利用有限元方法将其离散化，再把它转化为非线性优化问题，并给出了利用牛顿法求解这一问题的具体算法．最后进行了一系列数值仿真对比实验，证实了这一算法的有效性，指出了其中存在的问题．     

单涂层吸波材料的优化设计及偏差研究

本文通过对单涂层吸波材料内电磁波传输损耗机理的细致研究，提出了单涂层吸波材料优化设计的两项原则。结合具体实例详细说明这两项原则的具体应用，最后讨论涂层电磁参量在偏离匹配条件的情况下，对涂层吸波性能影响的具体结果分析。图３．表１，参３。     

区分全同粒子的力学量

给出可以区分两个(或两个以上)全同粒子的情况和区分方法,从而给出更具有操作性的全同性原理     

高功率型镍氢电池的循环性能

由于没有镉污染,对环境友好,用于高功率设备的镍氢电池的需求量增长很快,目前每年的需求量约为5亿只.但是镍氢电池的一些性能还不能完全满足电动工具的使用要求,突出表现在电池大电流充放循环寿命较差.因此,研制高性能的高倍率镍氢电池不仅具有重要的研究意义,也有很大的应用价值.本文研究影响SC型动力电池循环寿命衰减的主要因素,测量了在大电流循环过程中镍氢电池的内阻、温度及重量变化,并运用SEM、XRD对电池内阻升高的原因进行了分析.我们认为电池内阻升高是镍氢电池大电流循环寿命差的主要原因,分析发现在镍氢电池进行大电流充放电循环时,电池正极膨胀,负极微粉化,电池内部孔隙率增加,致使电解液干涸,电池内阻升高.通过增加负极容量,抑制正极膨胀,可以有效改进镍氢电池大电流充放时的循环性能.     

反馈网络中电位器对调节器性能的影响

通过对各种类型的调节器中含有电位器时传递函数的求解分析,得出接入电位器后对调节器的比例放大系数、微分时间常数及积分时间常数的影响结果,并使多种调节器在形式上得到了统一,根据需要可方便地调节电位器使其性能达到设计的需要.