Maxwell's role in turning the concept of model into the methodology of modeling

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition.     

马氏体相变的晶体取向关系

本文利用 Bain 应变和马氏体相变的表象理论阐明了马氏体相变的晶体取向关系。正是由于这附加的点阵不变切变和母相的形状协调,某些合金在某种条件下遵循 K—S 关系,而在另一些条件下遵循 N—关系或 G—T 关系。     

The Nature of Light and Twentieth Century Experimental Physics

In the popular literature of physics the electromagnetic field isoften treated as though it has an intrinsic particle nature. When thetheory is examined carefully, quantum theory only makes the weakerrequirement that the emission and absorption of light are restricted todiscrete amounts of energy. There are very few realizable experiments inoptics for which the classical Maxwell theory and the quantum theorymake a different prediction. I discuss some of these experiments with anemphasis on the distinction between what the experiments tell us aboutthe measurement process, and what they tell us about the nature of thelight field.     

《诗经》经济思想管见

以前人们侧重于从政治、思想、伦理和哲学方面研究《诗经》，其实从《诗经》中能解读出较明显的经济意识。如生产力和生产关系意识，农时意识，生产力意识，市场意识和区域经济意识。     

由麦克斯韦方程组推导出毕奥-萨伐尔定律的几种方法

从稳定情况下的麦克斯韦方程组(文中简称为麦氏方程)出发，采用三种不同的方法，从理论上直接推导出毕奥-萨伐尔(Biot-Savart)定律，加深了对麦克斯韦方程组和毕奥-萨伐尔定律的认识．     

流体静力学的外微分形式

用几何的观点，把微分形式引进流体静力学，从而得到了热力学第一定律的一次形式．并利用外微分的性质，导出了流体静力学的一些基本关系．     

网络公关及其传播方式研究

网络公共关系是新经济条件下公共关系的全新表现形式 ,并日益成为现代企业和跨国公司关注的焦点及战略基点。本文全面、系统地阐述了相比较于传统的公共关系活动 ,网络公关所具有的内涵、发展历程、规则及特点等 ,并重点描述了网络公关的主要传播工具、窄段传播方式等内容     

康威-麦斯威尔-泊松分布及其统计与概率性质

康威-麦斯威尔-泊松分布是一个有用的离散分布,它是扩展的两参数泊松分布,有关此分布的统计和概率性质被广泛研究和探索;文章以矩母函数为工具讨论了该分布的数字特征和矩,给出了参数点估计的隐式方程和费希尔信息矩阵;最后研究了参数的共轭分布、共轭分布的边际分布和条件分布.     

Maxwell's color statistics: From reduction of visible errors to reduction to invisible molecules

This paper presents a cross-disciplinary and multi-disciplinary account of Maxwell's introduction of statistical models of molecules for the composition of gases. The account focuses on Maxwell's deployment of statistical models of data in his contemporaneous color researches as established in Cambridge mathematical physics, especially by Maxwell's seniors and mentors. The paper also argues that the cross-disciplinary, or cross-domain, transfer of resources from the natural and social sciences took place in both directions and relied on the complex intra-disciplinary, or intra-domain, dynamics of Maxwell's researches in natural sciences, in color theory, physical astronomy, electromagnetism and dynamical theory of gases, as well as involving a variety of types of communicating and mediating media, from material objects to concepts, techniques and institutions.     

八元向量代数及其在电动力学中的应用

本文建立了八元向量代数,它既是一种方阵代数,又作为一个更加完备的运算系统而包含了复数、矢量和四元数.应用八元向量代数,可以十分方便地导出 Maxwell 方程组的对称变换,并将其拓展成为一个更加完整而对称的电磁场结构定律,从而构成进一步发展经典电动力学的理论基础.