一株来自青藏高原土壤日本曲霉菌的分离鉴定及其杀东亚飞蝗活性研究

采用稀释涂布法从青藏高原采集的土样中分离得到一株具有杀蝗虫活性真菌D3-19.通过形态学观察以及ITS序列的分析,初步将D3-19鉴定为曲霉属日本曲霉(Aspergillus japonicas).室内活性测定结果表明日本曲霉D3-19发酵液和孢子均有杀东亚飞蝗活性.其中,真菌发酵液对东亚飞蝗校正死亡率为:96h(86.67%),144h(100%).与此同时,真菌孢子悬液对东亚飞蝗的LC50(致死中浓度)为3.42×105孢子/mL.研究结果表明,3×108孢子/mL的D3-19孢子悬液对不同年龄阶段东亚飞蝗均有致死效果.其LT50(半致死时间)值分别为:羽化成虫(155h),四至五龄成虫(104.8h),三龄幼虫(54.6h),二龄幼虫(30.6h).     

飞蝗五个自然种群的遗传分化研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）技术检测飞蝗Locusta migratoria（Linnaeus）2个亚种5个种群的遗传多样性，11个随机引物扩增共产生了163条带，其中多态性片段为156条．Shannon信息指数和Nei’S指数对RAPD数据的分析表明：东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis（Meyen）不同种群存在较高的遗传多样性；同时，东亚飞蝗种群间出现一定程度的遗传分化，遗传分化系数分别为36．09％和33．85％．用UPGMA对Nei’S遗传距离作聚类分析，结果表明：东亚飞蝗不同种群的亲缘关系较近，而它们与亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria（Linnaeus）关系较远．由Nei’S遗传一致度和遗传距离可以看出，东亚飞蝗不同种群间的遗传距离均小于东亚飞蝗与亚洲飞蝗之间的遗传距离．由Mantel软件检验得出地理距离和遗传距离的相关性系数r〈0．7，表明这5个种群亲缘关系的远近与地理距离无相关性．同时，还结合等位酶种群遗传结构研究结果综合分析了上述东亚飞蝗4种群的遗传多样性及其分化，表明RAPD可检测出更高水平的遗传多样性．     

飞蝗两种群羧酸酯酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性与马拉硫磷敏感性关系的研究

对飞蝗天津北大港种群及河北沧州种群进行了生物测定与生化水平的比较分析,生物测定结果显示,天津北大港种群对马拉硫磷的LD50值为河北沧州种群的13.2倍,显示天津北大港种群已对马拉硫磷产生了耐药性.两种群羧酸酯酶比活力分析表明,以α-醋酸萘酯(α-NA)为底物时,两种群羧酸酯酶比活力无显著差异；以α-丁酸萘酯(α-NB)和β-醋酸萘酯(β-NA)为底物时,飞蝗天津北大港种群较河北沧州种群羧酸酯酶比活力为低,且具有显著差异.以1氯-2,4-二硝基苯(CDNB)为底物对两种群谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性进行检测,结果表明,河北沧州种群谷胱甘肽S-转移酶比活力高于天津北大港种群.以上结果显示,天津北大港种群对马拉硫磷的耐药性,可能与羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶没有直接的相关性,而与靶标敏感性的下降有关.     

瑞香狼毒对东亚飞蝗作用机理的初步研究

利用硅胶柱分离瑞香狼毒乙酸乙酯萃取物得到Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段粗分物,并测定对东亚飞蝗毒杀活性最高的I段粗分物对东亚飞蝗的致死性及对其体内Na~+-K~+-ATPase、Ca~(2+)/Mg~(2+)-ATPase、乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性.研究表明:瑞香狼毒I段粗分物对东亚飞蝗具有较强的毒杀作用,在药物浓度为10mg/mL、72h对东亚飞蝗的校正死亡率为92.50%;同时,毒杀作用具有浓度和时间依赖性;而且瑞香狼毒乙酸乙酯萃取物I段粗分物对上述3种酶均有一定的抑制作用,且对Na~+-K~+-ATPase的抑制作用最强,在药物浓度为5mg/mL、96h对Na~+-K~+-ATPase的抑制率为40.38%;分析发现瑞香狼毒活性成分对东亚飞蝗的毒杀作用与对Na~+-K~+-ATPase的抑制作用之间具有显著相关性,据此推测,Na~+-K~+-ATPase可能是瑞香狼毒活性成分的主要作用靶标之一.     

Effects of methoprene and juvenile hormone on the oxidative metabolism of isolated mitochondria from flight muscle ofLocusta migratoria L.

Summary In vitro applications of juvenile hormone III and a juvenile hormone analogue, methoprene, were made to mitochondria isolated from dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of adultLocusta migratoria L. Both compounds completely inhibited oxygen consumption at the highest concentrations used. At lower concentrations, state 3 respiration and respiratory control were reduced but the ADP/O ratio was largely unaffected.     

Corpus cardiacum — a target for azadirachtin

Summary Azadirachtin A, an insect growth inhibitor derived from neem seed, when injected at a physiological dose, inhibits the hormonally controlled ovarian development inLocusta migratoria. Its tritiated dihydro derivative concentrates more in the corpus cardiacum than in the brain. Translocation and release of the neurosecretory proteins labeled with L-[³⁵S]-cysteine in the corpus cardiacum is very poor in locusts under azadirachtin stress. It is concluded that azadirachtin may influence the release of trophic hormones from the corpus cardiacum leading to alterations in timing and titer of morphogenetic hormone pools.     

Sexual behavior without adult morphogenesis inLocusta migratoria

Summary Injection of azadirachtin into young Vth (=last) instarLocusta hoppers inhibits molt and a considerable portion of the animals survice for more than 40 days as over-aged nymphs; in contrast, the duration of the Vth instar is 8–10 days in normal controls. Males of over-aged nymphs exhibit adult sexual behavior, and injection of juvenile hormone intensifies this behavior. The results demonstrate that the terminal molt leading to morphogenetic adult differentiation is not necessary for an adult behavioral pattern to develop, and/or to become overt, in a hemimetabolous insect.We thank Prof. H. Rembold for a generous gift of azadirachtin and Mr Y. Toren for keeping the locust culture.     

东亚飞蝗（Locusta migratoria manilensis）卵巢和胚胎组织的原代培养

用东亚飞蝗４～５龄蝗蝻卵巢组织及孵化１２ｄ的胚胎组织，首次在我们改良的ＴＣ－１９９－ＭＫ和ＴＣ－１００培养基中，２８℃恒温培养，第１０ｄ可见大量透明的梭形细胞从卵巢块周围逸出，第１６０ｄ可见大量圆球状的胚胎细胞分裂成团，来自两种组织的细胞分别培养９０ｄ和３３０ｄ，均贴壁生长，但胚胎细胞贴壁不牢。从培养结果看，它们发展成连续细胞系的潜力很大。     

贵州蝗虫的危害与防治

本文在回顾蝗虫与蝗灾的基础上，论述了贵州44种蝗虫的危害情况和防治措施。