九段沙微地貌演变与芦苇的生长

对于新近形成的河口沙岛九段沙而言,芦苇群落的存在对于形成动,植物的多样性十分重要,根据实地观察,沙岛微地貌对于芦苇的生长有非常重要的影响,据此,提出要采取措施保护芦苇的生长条件。     

Ecosystem valuation and the conservation of wild lands in vigorous economic regions:A case study in Jiuduansha Wetland,Shanghai

As the loss of wild lands to satisfy traditional economic development has become a global environmental problem in recent decades, using ecosystem valuation to estimate the total economic value (TEV) of an ecosystem has become popular. The main purpose of the ecosystem valuation is to strengthen the importance of ecosystems, and bring the ecosystem services into the traditional cost-benefit analyses of land use strategy. Some studies have illustrated that in remote areas, wilderness can produce more value if it is conserved, rather than converted to traditional agricultural or industrial uses. The same situation does not seem to exist in vigorous economic regions. Thus, a case study was conducted on the Jiuduansha Wetland in Shanghai using three approaches: the direct market valuation, the replacement valuation and the contingent valuation. The net present TEVs of three land use scenarios over one hundred years were evaluated. The results proved that simply based on ecosystem valuation, when compared with the other two scenarios of "conservation" and "selective use", "partial conversion into terrene (dry land)" of Jiuduansha might be the optimal scenario for the well-being of the people in Shanghai. Land price was identified as the most important factor. This situation is likely due to the scarcity of land available for traditional economic development in Shanghai. Thus, we speculated that the fate of the wilderness to "be destroyed" in vigorous economic regions could not be changed simply based on ecosystem valuation. However, the variety of interest by local residents in wilderness might enhance the TEVs of scenarios such as "conservation" and "selective use", and affect the valuation results. Since some important benefits of natural ecosystems remain unknown and others are underestimated, we suggested that any land use decisions regarding the Jiuduansha Wetland should be conservative and cautious as converting wetlands into terrene is an irreversible process.     

九段沙湿地国家自然保护区不同生境中昼行性昆虫群落研究

用扫网、植物收割法和凋落物取回法收集昆虫,研究九段沙湿地国家自然保护区海三棱草群落、芦苇群落、互花米草群落和光滩四种生境中昆虫群落的结构和季节性变化规律,探讨湿地植被同昆虫群落的关系.结果表明昆虫群落组成和结构与所处生境中的植被密切相关:①四种生境中的昆虫群落结构组成明显不同,优势类群也不尽相同;②从整体上比较,昆虫群落多度以在芦苇群落中的最高,多样性指数(H′)和均匀度(E)在互花米草群落中最高,优势度指数(C)以在互花米草群落中最低;③各生境的昆虫群落个体数量均在夏季最高,冬季最低;④芦苇群落的凋落物生物量同其中的昆虫个体数量显著相关(相关系数0.891,p<0.01),互花米草群落中看不出二者存在相关关系,海三棱草的凋落物和从中采集到的昆虫个体数都极少,无从判断.     

九段沙中沙湿地植物磷元素的分布积累与动态

对九段沙中沙湿地海三棱草、互花米草和芦苇3种典型湿地植物群落的植物各构件中磷(P)的分布、积累与动态进行研究.结果表明,3种湿地植物中磷含量存在很大差异,其大小排序为:海三棱草>芦苇>互花米草.磷在不同植物相同构件中的含量分布亦不同.3种湿地植物磷含量的季节动态规律有相似性,即随植物生长发育进程磷含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,其中,茎秆中磷含量下降幅度最大,根中磷含量下降幅度最小.3种湿地植物磷含量的动态变化也存在差异,海三棱草各构件磷含量波动次数较少,互花米草和芦苇各构件磷含量波动次数则较多.植物中磷含量变化与土壤和地表水中相应元素含量变化密切相关.3种湿地植物均显示生长初期植物与土壤和地表水中磷含量的关联较小,3种植物最大关联出现的时间存在差异,这表明不同植物吸收土壤与地表水中磷元素的最佳时期存在差别.     

Ecosystem valuation and the conservation of wild lands in visorous economic resions： A case study in Jiuduansha Wetland, Shanshai

As the loss of wild lands to satisfy traditional economic development has become a global environmental problem in recent decades, using ecosystem valuation to estimate the total economic value （TEV） of an ecosystem has become popular. The main purpose of the ecosystem valuation is to strengthen the importance of ecosystems, and bring the ecosystem services into the traditional cost-benefit analyses of land use strategy. Some studies have illustrated that in remote areas, wilderness can produce more value if it is conserved, rather than converted to traditional agricultural or industrial uses. The same situation does not seem to exist in vigorous economic regions. Thus, a case study was conducted on the Jiuduansha Wetland in Shanghai using three approaches： the direct market valuation, the replacement valuation and the contingent valuation. The net present TEVs of three land use scenarios over one hundred years were evaluated. The results proved that simply based on ecosystem valuation, when compared with the other two scenarios of ＂conservation＂ and ＂selective use＂, ＂partial conversion into terrene （dry land）＂ of Jiuduansha might be the optimal scenario for the well-being of the people in Shanghai. Land price was identified as the most important factor. This situation is likely due to the scarcity of land available for traditional economic development in Shanghai. Thus, we speculated that the fate of the wilderness to ＂be destroyed＂ in vigorous economic regions could not be changed simply based on ecosystem valuation. However, the variety of interest by local residents in wilderness might enhance the TEVs of scenarios such as ＂conservation＂ and ＂selective use＂, and affect the valuation results. Since some important benefits of natural ecosystems remain unknown and others are underestimated, we suggested that any land use decisions regarding the Jiuduansha Wetland should be conservative and cautious as converting wetlands into terrene is an irreversible process.     

上海九段沙国家级湿地自然保护区昆虫多样性及其影响因素研究

在九段沙不同沙体和不同等级潮沟梯度下的5种主要植物群落中,在科和目层次上开展了昆虫多样性及其影响因素研究.调查区域共采集昆虫35444头,隶属于13目64科,按所含种数多少,主要的科有杆蝇科（42）、姬小蜂科（29）、金小蜂科（24）、茧蜂科（22）、姬蜂科（15）和缘腹细蜂科（12）;主要的目有膜翅目（137）、双翅目（85）、鞘翅目（32）和半翅目（10）.分析表明：（1）夏季昆虫的物种种数明显高于其他3个季节;（2）在上沙芦苇群落（夏季）,低潮滩的昆虫个体数最多,其次是高潮滩,中潮滩的最小.低潮滩中杆长蝽科、秆蝇科、瓢虫科和蚁形甲科的个体数极明显地多于中潮滩和高潮滩;随着由低潮滩向高潮滩高程的变化,杆长蝽科和飞虱科的昆虫个体数由少变多趋势明显.中潮滩与低潮滩相比,与高潮滩的昆虫组成更相似;（3）在中沙（夏季）,与芦苇群落相比,互花米草群落中昆虫个体数多,出现科数也多,互花米草群落中主要是啮虫目的种类和杆蝇科,两者占了互花米草群落昆虫总个体数的86.83%,而在芦苇群落中,以杆蝇科、蚁形甲科、瓢虫科3科为主,占芦苇群落昆虫总个体数的79%;在江亚南沙,藨草（海三棱藨草）群落中的昆虫主要是管蓟马科、叶蝉科、杆蝇科、茧蜂科和摇蚊科等5个科的昆虫,个体总数占了该类群落昆虫总个体数的96.82%,而菰群落中同样的5个科的昆虫个体数仅占菰群落昆虫总个体数的31.53%;（4）多样性指数以中生化群落最高,其次为芦苇和互花米草群落,最小为菰群落,物种丰富度则芦苇群落最高,其次为互花米草和中生化,最小为菰群落;（5）排序分析表明,植物群落中昆虫科的组成相似性反映了植物群落的演替方向,即菰群落、藨草/海三棱藨草群落的昆虫组成较相似,其次是互花米草与芦苇群落的,与中生化群落类型中的差异最大.     

九段沙植被分布及其环境因子研究

使用GIS手段对九段沙的卫星资料和实地调查数据进行分析,研究了九段沙的自然植被及人工植被分布状况。绘制了九段沙植被分布图,九段沙上的植被进行了地上、地下部分的生物量测定,确定了生物量高峰期,这对了解该岛湿地生态系统、环境因子以及研究植物群落演替的特征与规律提供了基础资料。