Why the “stimulus-error” did not go away

Psychologists in the early years of the discipline were much concerned with the stimulus-error. Roughly, this is the problem encountered in introspective experiments when subjects are liable to frame their perceptual reports in terms of what they know of the stimulus, instead of just drawing on their perceptual experiences as they are supposedly felt. “Introspectionist” psychologist E. B. Titchener and his student E. G. Boring both argued in the early 20th century that the stimulus-error is a serious methodological pit-fall. While many of the theoretical suppositions motivating Titchener and Boring have been unfashionable since the rise of behaviourism, the stimulus-error brings our attention to one matter of perennial importance to psychophysics and the psychology of perception. This is the fact that subjects are liable to give different kinds of perceptual reports in response to the same stimulus. I discuss attempts to control for variable reports in recent experimental work on colour and lightness constancy, and the disputes that have arisen over which kinds of reports are legitimate. Some contemporary psychologists do warn us against a stimulus-error, even though they do not use this terminology. I argue that concern over the stimulus-error is diagnostic of psychologists' deep theoretical commitments, such as their conception of sensation, or their demarcation of perception from cognition. I conclude by discussing the relevance of this debate to current philosophy of perception.     

沧桑往事的文化省察——论“老作家”写在“新时期”的反思散文

一批“老作家”在“新时期”陆续发表的反思散文，不仅体现出明确的文化承担意识，而且在对文化的反思和比较中抒写了丰富的伤痛和欣喜之情。他们对沧桑往事的文化省察，彰显了散文诚与真的诗学品格，本身也应当成为可贵的文化遗产。     

论生命视野中的学校体育研究

人是身体生命和精神生命统一性的存在,在每个具体的人身上同时都体现着这两种生命属性。中小学生是未成年人,他们的生命具有A身独特性——未成熟性,学校体育的责任就在于促成学生身体和精神的健康成长和发展。但是,现实的学校体育在课程内容、教学过程、教学评价等方面都背离了体育的本真状态。创建以生命关怀为宗旨的学校体育,就必须遵循学生的A然天性、增强学生的生命体验、培养学生积极健康的生活方式和塑造学生的体育精神。     

现代中国校园规划与设计

新的社会发展形式对大学校园规划设计提出了许多新要求,近年来中国大学校园的规划活动较之以前发生了较大的变化。作者对中国近几年来在大学校园规划设计领域出现的新特点,以及校园建设中存在的不足之处做出大致的总结,并在此基础上提出对下一阶段大学规划活动的几点看法。     

Introspection and change in Carnap’s logical behaviourism

In the 1930s, Carnap set out to incorporate psychology into the unity of science, by showing that all cognitively meaningful sentences of psychology can be translated into the language of physics. I will argue that Carnap, relying on his notion of protocol languages, defends a physicalistic philosophy of psychology that shows due appreciation of ‘introspection’ as a strictly subjective, but reliable way to verify sentences about one’s own mind. Second, I will point out that Carnap’s philosophy of psychology not only takes into account overt behaviour, but must comprise neurophysiological processes as well. Last, I will show that Carnap aims to develop a philosophy of psychology that does justice to the ongoing changeability of scientific knowledge.     

爱在追寻中迷失——对《无字》中吴为悲剧的深层分析

吴为是张洁长篇小说《无字》中的女主角，在爱的追寻中迷失了方向，最终自杀。文章认为，导致吴为悲剧的原因集中于两点：一是男权意识在当代社会的延续和冥顽不化，二是女性对男权的认同和内化。真爱的追寻要有男人的自觉，更要有女人的自省。