归纳推理合理性的心理学辩护

归纳推理在哲学、科学、心理学以及日常生活中都具有重要作用。我们通过归纳推理将知识组织成有用的结构。休谟首先对归纳推理的合理性提出质疑,后来的学者对归纳推理合理性的逻辑辩护都失败了,其根本原因在于数学逻辑不适于描述归纳推理。归纳推理实质上是心理事件而不是数学事件,它所依赖的生活事件集合与数学集合具有完全不同的结构。从心理归纳的角度讲,归纳推理发生在人、知识、情境的三维空间中,其目的是适应性。从适应性的角度,心理归纳的合理性能够得到充要的证明。     

取代苯甲酸酸性比较

本文根据实验数据和电子效应理论，解释了取代苯甲酸三个同分异构体之间酸性强弱的原因。     

概率统计的发现法教学

对概率统计教学中如何运用联想类比法、归纳法、对称法和几何直观法等发现法，使学生自己发现新公式、新定理进行了探讨．     

关于Mackey序列式回缩性

设(E,t)是局部凸空间诱导序列(E_n,t_n)_n∈N的诱导极限.则(E,t)=ind(E_n,t_n)为正则当且仅当对于(E,t)中每个Mackey收敛于o的序列(x_k)存在自然数n=n(x_k),使(x_k)含于且有界于(E_n,t_n).由此可获得关于正则性的一系列等价刻划.     

英语动词被动语态形式的比较教学

英语谓语动词的被动语态通常是由助动词be 的一定形式 及物动词的过去分词构成。初学者往往容易将各种形式中的being与been相混淆,事实上,英语中不同形式的语态的时态在be动词上反映出来,根据时间上的差别,其语态形式都是由be动词的不同时态加上动词的过去分词。对于动词的被动语态形式教学,我们在教学实践中使用比较分析法。     

弱序列式回缩性的一个特征

设(E,t)=ind(En,tn)为可尺度局部凸空间序列的Hausdorff诱导极限.我们证明了(E,t)为弱序列式回缩当且仅当(E,t)为正则且(E,t)满足下述条件:对于每个n,存在(En,tn)中的邻域Un及m=m(n)≥n使在Un中,(E,t)和(Em,tm)具有相同的弱收敛于0的序列.     

Inductive transfer learning for unlabeled target-domain via hybrid regularization

Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in transfer learning. This paper deals with the classification problem that the target-domain with a different distribution from the source-domain is totally unlabeled, and aims to build an inductive model for unseen data. Firstly, we analyze the problem of class ratio drift in the previous work of transductive transfer learning, and propose to use a normalization method to move towards the desired class ratio. Furthermore, we develop a hybrid regularization framework for inductive transfer learning. It considers three factors, including the distribution geometry of the target-domain by manifold regularization, the entropy value of prediction probability by entropy regularization, and the class prior by expectation regularization. This framework is used to adapt the inductive model learnt from the source-domain to the target-domain. Finally, the experiments on the real-world text data show the effectiveness of our inductive method of transfer learning. Meanwhile, it can handle unseen test points.     

Subcellular localization and inductive expression of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase PKR from Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) belongs to the eIF2α kinase family and plays a critical role in interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response. Recently, in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a PKR gene has been identified. In this study, we showed that PoPKR localized to the cytoplasm, and the dsRNA-binding motifs (dsRBMs) played a determinative role in protein localization. In cultured FEC cells, PoPKR was detected at a low level of constitutive expression but was highly induced after treatment with UV-inactivated grass carp hemorrhagic virus, active SMRV and Poly I:C although with different expression kinetics. In flounder, PoPKR was ubiquitously distributed in all tested tissues, and SMRV infection resulted in significant upregulation at mRNA and protein levels. In order to reveal the role of PoPKR in host antiviral response, its expression upon exposure to various inducers was characterized and further compared with that of PoHRI, which is another eIF2α kinase of flounder. Interestingly, expression comparison revealed that all inducers stimulated upregulation of PoHRI in cultured flounder embryonic cells and fish, with a similar kinetics to PoPKR but to a less extent. These results suggest that, during antiviral immune response, both flounder eIF2α kinases might play similar roles and that PoPKR is the predominant kinase.     

Graph-based inductive reasoning

This article discusses methods of inductive inferences that are methods of visualizations designed in such a way that the “eye” can be employed as a reliable tool for judgment. The term “eye” is used as a stand-in for visual cognition and perceptual processing. In this paper “meaningfulness” has a particular meaning, namely accuracy, which is closeness to truth. Accuracy consists of precision and unbiasedness. Precision is dealt with by statistical methods, but for unbiasedness one needs expert judgment. The common view at the beginning of the twentieth century was to make the most efficient use of this kind of judgment by representing the data in shapes and forms in such a way that the “eye” can function as a reliable judge to reduce bias. The need for judgment of the “eye” is even more necessary when the background conditions of the observations are heterogeneous. Statistical procedures require a certain minimal level of homogeneity, but the “eye” does not. The “eye” is an adequate tool for assessing topological similarities when, due to heterogeneity of the data, metric assessment is not possible. In fact, graphical assessments precedes measurement, or to put it more forcefully, the graphic method is a necessary prerequisite for measurement.