用密度梯度离心分离的大白鼠胚胎海马细胞类型移植存活

在灭菌条件下,用机械解离法将15—20天的胚胎Wistar大白鼠的海马制成细胞悬浮液,并于4℃,用不连续的ficoll-urografin密度梯度离心法分离出不同的层次。大细胞在上层,小细胞在下层,分别加以收集、洗涤与再悬浮。5微升的每种细胞悬浮液分别注入4月龄Wistar雌性大白鼠的右侧海马,而同体积的生理盐水注入左侧作为对照。三周之后,对5只大细胞接受者与5只小细胞接受者作检查,每组各有2只动物见有移植物良好地存活。存活的大细胞主要是海马CA3区的大锥体细胞,此外还有乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性的大细胞,可能是齿状门CA4区的大多形细胞。存活的小细胞主要是乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性的小多形细胞与篮状细胞,此外还有形似齿状回的颗粒细胞和海马CA1区的小锥体细胞。根据本实验,只要作一些改进,被分类的移植细胞有可能在成鼠的脑内存活得更多更好。     

Memory processes during sleep: beyond the standard consolidation theory

Two-step theories of memory formation suggest that an initial encoding stage, during which transient neural assemblies are formed in the hippocampus, is followed by a second step called consolidation, which involves re-processing of activity patterns and is associated with an increasing involvement of the neocortex. Several studies in human subjects as well as in animals suggest that memory consolidation occurs predominantly during sleep (standard consolidation model). Alternatively, it has been suggested that consolidation may occur during waking state as well and that the role of sleep is rather to restore encoding capabilities of synaptic connections (synaptic downscaling theory). Here, we review the experimental evidence favoring and challenging these two views and suggest an integrative model of memory consolidation.     

脑室注射海人酸对大白鼠学习记忆行为的影响

大白鼠脑室注射海人酸(KA)5天后,检查被动回避行为和脑组织学变化。发现受注射一侧海马的背側CA3a分区锥体细胞破坏,对长时记忆,特别是长时记忆形成能力有严重损害,对学习和短时记忆无明显影响。增大KA剂量,对锥体细胞的破坏范围也扩大,能波及CA3,CA4和CAl区锥体细胞,双侧注射KA,两侧海马的背侧锥体细胞都有损毁,但对学习记忆行为的损害程度并不增高。这些结果提示,海马背侧CA3a分区锥体细胞在被动回避反应行为的长时记忆形成中有重要意义;长时记忆与学习和短时记忆的形成,在海马结构中可能有不同的神经基础,脑室注射KA后2月,海马锥体细胞的破坏仍未见恢复,长时记忆形成能力的受损亦未能代偿。本文还讨论了海马CA3影响长时记忆过程的可能神经机理。     

饵料对幼海马生长的影响

在人工养殖条件下，幼海马对投喂的饵料具有选择性，不同的饵料对幼海马生长和成活影响很大。幼海马在不同生长阶段摄食不同的饵料，随着幼海马体长增加，捕食对象也逐渐增大。根据幼海马胃内含物的检出率和占胃率发现，刚出生的幼海马适宜饵料为轮虫和单细胞藻类，随后最适饵料逐渐变为枝角类、桡足类。当幼海马能摄食枝角类和桡足类后，生长速度加快，这两类饵料生物在幼海马胃内总占胃率与生长速度的关系式为：y＝8．93431n x-18．6628(r＝0．9021，r0.05＝0．8780，r＞r0.05)。     

正常状态下黑线仓鼠脑内c-fos的基础表达

目的：研究正常状态下黑线仓鼠脑内前脑皮层、海马和下丘脑区c-fos的基础表达。方法：采用免疫组织化学方法（SABC）检测c-fos蛋白在黑线仓前脑皮层、海马和下丘脑区的表达,以昆明品系小鼠为对照,建立足底电击急性应激小鼠模型。结果：正常生活状态下黑线仓鼠脑内前脑皮层、海马和下丘脑区c-fos蛋白广泛表达;其中海马CA1和CA3区c-fos阳性神经元相对数量较少,海马DG区、前脑皮层和下丘脑区c-fos阳性神经元相对数量较多;与正常小鼠相比,前脑皮层c-fos阳性神经元显著增多（P〈0.01）。应激小鼠各脑区c-fos阳性神经元数量明显增多,与正常小鼠比较有统计学显著差异（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。各脑区c-fos阳性神经元平均目标灰度值结果类似。结论：正常状态下黑线仓鼠脑内c-fos蛋白的表达可能与动物的行为活动和内分泌、空间认知功能以及复杂运动的调控密切相关。     

急性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆功能及脑内GDNF表达的影响

目的：探讨急性应激对小鼠空间学习记忆功能的影响及其机制。方法：采用足底电击的方法建立急性应激模型小鼠,通过Morris水迷宫实验观察小鼠空间学习记忆功能的变化;并且测定小鼠海马和前脑皮层胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的表达。结果：与对照组小鼠相比,在水迷宫实验中,急性应激组小鼠空间学习记忆显著提高（P〈0.05）;脑内海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回和前脑皮层GDNF的表达明显增强（P〈0.01）。结论：急性应激使小鼠空间学习记忆功能的提高可能与GDNF表达的上调密切相关。     

A snapshot of a high density seahorse population in a tropical rocky reef

Seahorses are fishes that suffer high trading pressure in the international market. Three species have been recorded in Brazil, Hippocampus reidi, Hippocampus erectus and Hippocampus patagonicus, already classified as threatened or data deficient. Guaíba Island is an ecologically relevant site due to its position between two bays in Rio de Janeiro state. The present study aimed to survey the seahorse population of Guaíba Island, verifying several population structure parameters. Eight diving sites were selected around the island. Only the longsnout seahorse H. reidi was recorded. The population showed the largest density ever recorded in the world for the species. Sex ratio was 1:1 and seahorses were reproductively active. We observed three juveniles. The mean length recorded was 8.9 ± 1.64 cm. The population structure was similar to others populations studied throughout the Brazilian coast.     

动物性饵料对养殖水体中菌数和理化因子的影响

向大海马(Hippocampus kudaB leeker)养殖池中投喂动物性饵料桡足类、杂碎鱼虾等饵料后,亲海马实验组、幼海马实验组以及空白对照组水体环境因子参数差异明显,投喂杂碎鱼虾的亲海马组与投喂桡足类的幼海马组的细菌数量均高于空白对照组。3组处理后表层异养菌平均数量变动范围分别为4×103~1.78×105CFU/mL,2.5×103~7.2×104CFU/mL,2×102~5.5×103CFU/mL,而底层异养菌则分别为6.53×103~1.59×105CFU/mL,1.5×103~7.5×104CFU/mL,5×102~1.0×104CFU/mL。表层弧菌平均数量变动范围分别为55~4.08×103CFU/mL,85~7.19×103CFU/mL,10~123 CFU/mL,而底层弧菌则分别为1.13×102~7.48×103CFU/mL,2.66×102~1.16×104CFU/mL,10~175 CFU/mL。差异显著性分析结果表明,亲海马组与幼海马组细菌数量差异均不显著(P>0.05)。而亲海马组与空白组除表层弧菌数量差异不显著外,其余,底层弧菌、表底层异养细菌数量呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。空白组与幼海马组细菌数量均呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。3组池水温变化相差不大,亲海马组、幼海马组中NH4 -N含量呈升高之势,DO极不稳定,有机残留物含量、细菌数量增加趋势,导致水质恶化。     

Amyloid β-protein differentially affects NMDA receptor- and GABAA receptor-mediated currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons

Although the aggregated amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in senile plaques is one of the key neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD), soluble forms of Aβ also interfere with synaptic plasticity at the early stage of AD. The suppressive action of acute application of Aβ on hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) has been reported widely, whereas the mechanism underlying the effects of Aβ is still mostly unknown. The present study, using the whole-cell patch clamp technique, investigated the effects of Aβ fragments (Aβ25–35 and Aβ31–35) on the LTP induction-related postsynaptic ligand-gated channel currents in isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons. The results showed a rapid but opposite action of both peptides on excitatory and inhibitory receptor currents. Glutamate application-induced currents were suppressed by Aβ25–35 in a dose-dependent manner, and furtherN-methyl-D aspartate(NMDA)receptor-mediated currents were selectively inhibited. In contrast, pretreatment with Aβ fragments potentiated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced whole-cell currents. As a control, Aβ35–31, the reversed sequence of Aβ31–35, showed no effect on the currents induced by glutamate,NMDAor GABA. These results may partly explain the impaired effects of Aβ on hippocampal LTP, and suggest that the functional down-regulation of NMDA receptors and up-regulation of GABAA receptors may play an important role in remodeling the hippocampal synaptic plasticity in early AD.     

离子型谷氨酸受体对海马突触传递长时程增强的影响

海马是完成学习与记忆活动的神经基础,海马部位突触可塑性增强与学习记忆有着密不可分的关系,而这种可塑性的增强主要是以谷氨酸为神经递质的,因此本文就有关海马部位突触可塑性增强与离子型谷氨酸受体的联系进行了阐述．