青海湖裸鲤、鲤鱼的血红蛋白的电泳研究

本文用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳方法,对鲤科（Ｃｙｐｉｉｎｉｄａｅ）２种鱼类：青海湖裸鲤（Ｇｙｍｎｏｃｙｐｒｉｓ Ｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）、鲤鱼（Ｃｙｐｉｉｎｕｓ Ｃａｒｐｉｗ Ｌｉｎａｅｕｓ）的血红蛋白进行了分析研究讨论了两者血红蛋白的种间差异以及它们各自的遗传特异性,以期积累生化遗传学资料,以便进上步在生化水平上为临别物种的牧民性和它们在进化上的亲缘关系提供佐证。结果显示：两种鱼类各自的血红蛋     

花斑裸鲤卵黄囊期仔鱼的发育观察

对花斑裸鲤卵黄囊期仔鱼的发育过程进行观察,结果表明:水温14-16℃,p H6.1-7.1,溶氧6.6-7.6 mg/L的条件下花斑裸鲤刚刚孵化的仔鱼全长8.02-8.31 mm,身体淡黄色,沉于水底,依靠卵黄囊提供能量;孵化后第4天,仔鱼背鳍原基开始分化,身体背部、肌节和卵黄囊之间出现大量点状黑色素斑;孵化后第6天仔鱼开始平游,并开口摄食,全长达到11.93-12.46 mm;第11天卵黄囊基本消失,仔鱼依靠外源性营养进行生长发育,全长达到14.41-15.02 mm。     

Origin of Gymnocypris przewalskii and phylogenetic history of Gymnocypris eckloni (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence （1140bp）. Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G. eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype A1 was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G. przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades A1 and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0.2308±0.01 Ma and 0.1319±0.015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of “Gonghe Movement” event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.     

青海湖裸鲤寄生湟鱼棘头虫的种群季节动态研究

以在青海湖收集的寄生于青海湖裸鲤的湟鱼棘头虫（Ｅｃｈｉｎｏｒｈｙｎｃｈｕｓ ｇｙｍｎｏｃｙｐｒｉｉ）４个季节的样本研究湟鱼棘头虫种群的季节动态,结果表明：种群的平均丰度,感染强度和感染率都没有明显季节变化。这与湟鱼棘头虫温度依赖死亡、中间宿主的季节数量动态,宿主食性的季改变有关。湟鱼棘头虫种群在宿主种群的分布在各季度中都是聚集性的,这与宿主食性的分化及第一中间宿主（钩虾）的分布不均匀性有关。雄虫体     

青海湖裸鲤油脂中脂肪酸初步分析

用乙醚－正乙烷混合溶剂提取青海湖裸鲤油脂;用氢氧化钾－甲醇酯交换法甲酯化,以毛细管气相色谱法测定脂肪酸组成,鉴定了１５种主要脂肪酸,其中以棕榈酸,棕榈油酸,油酸、α－亚麻酸,二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）和二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）为主。     

Molecular phylogenetics of Gymnocypris （Teleostei：Cyprinidae） in Lake Qinghai and adjacent drainages

149 complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes (1140 bp) of Gymnocypris przewaiskii, Gymnocypris eckloni and Gymnocypris scolistomus from the Lake Qinghai, Yellow River and Qaidam Basin were sequenced and analyzed. Consistent dendrogram indicated that the samples collected from the same species do not constitute a separate monophyletic group and all the samples were grouped into three highly divergent lineages (A, B and C). Among them, Lineage A contained all samples of G.przewaiskii from the Lake Qinghai and partial samples of the G. eckloni from the Yellow River. Lineage B contained the remaining samples of G. eckloni from the Yellow River.Lineage C was composed of a monophyletic group by G. eckloni from the Qaidam Basin. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that most of genetic variations were detected within these three mtDNA lineages (93.12%), suggesting that there are three different lineages of Gymnocypris in this region. Our Cyt b sequence data showed that G.przewaiskii was not a polytypic species, and G. scolistomus was neither an independent species nor a subspecies of G.eckloni. The divergent mtDNA lineages of G. eckloni from theYellow River suggested that gene flow between the different populations was restricted to a certain extent by several gorges on the upper reach of the Yellow River. Lineage B of G. eckloni might be the genetic effect from the ancestor which was incorporated with the endemic schizothoracinefishes when the headward erosion of the Yellow Riverreached to its current headwaters of late. The G. eckloni from Basin Qaldam was a monophyletic group (lineage C) and Fst values within G. eckloni from the Yellow River were higher than 0.98, suggesting that the gene flow has been interrupted for a long time and the G. eckloni from Basin Qaidam might have been evolved into different species by ecology segregation. The correlation between the rakers number of Gymnocypris and population genetic variation was not significant.All Gymnocypris populations exhibited a low nucleotide diversity (n=0.00096-0.00485). Therefore the Gymnocypris populations from Basin Qaidam could have experienced severe bottleneck effect in history. Our result suggested Gymnocypris populations of Basin Qaidam should give a high priority in conservation programs.     

青海湖裸鲤的种群结构和线粒体DNA变异

对青海湖裸鲤55个个体Cytb基因全序列进行了测定和分析,探讨了种群结构和群体遗传多样性。用MEGA2.1软件分析了碱基组成和序列变异;以黄河花斑裸鲤为外群,构建了单倍型的NJ树;用Arlequin Ver.2 000程序计算了群体内遗传变异值(Fst)。结果显示,青海湖裸鲤群体没有显著的种群结构,提示青海湖裸鲤群体内存在广泛的基因交流;种群的遗传多样性较低(π=0.7828±0.0532),青海湖裸鲤种群很可能在历史上遭受过严重的“瓶颈效应”。     

Origin of Gymnocypris przewalskii and phylogenetic history of Gymnocypris eckloni (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

The origins and phylogenetic patterns were assessed for G. przewalskii and G. eckloni by analyzing the complete mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequence (1140bp). Phylogenetic analyses further supported that there were three mtDNA lineages (A-C) identified in G. przewalskii and G. eckloni, demonstrating that outer rakers of the first gill have little significance in the phylogeny of the Gymnocypris fishes. The network established showed that G . eckloni of the Yellow River specific haplotype Al was a founder and it radiated all haplotypes of G. przewalskii which suggested G . przewalskii might only originate from one of two maternals of G . eckloni from the Yellow River. Fs test and mismatch analysis showed at least two expansion events in the population of G. przewalskii about 0.2734 Ma and 0.0658 Ma, while G. eckloni from Qaidam Basin could have experienced severe bottleneck effect about 0.0693 Ma. The population expansion was detected in subclades Al and A21 with the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) about 0. 2308±0.01 Ma and 0.1319±0. 015 Ma, respectively, which were within the geological age range of "Gonghe Movement" event that caused the separation of Lake Qinghai from the upper Yellow River. These results suggested the effect of the fish diversification by rapid uplift of the Qing-hai-Tibetan Plateau in the Late Pleistocene.     

聚维酮碘对青海湖裸鲤（♀）×花斑裸鲤（♂）杂交幼鱼的急性毒性和耗氧率影响

研究了聚维酮碘对青海湖裸鲤（♀）×花斑裸鲤（♂）杂交幼鱼（体长7~8 cm，体质量15.34 g±0.23 g）的急性毒性，并测定了不同浓度聚维酮碘对青海湖裸鲤（♀）×花斑裸鲤（♂）杂交幼鱼耗氧率的影响。结果表明：（1）在（19±1）℃水温条件下，聚维酮碘对青海湖裸鲤（♀）×花斑裸鲤（♂）杂交幼鱼的24、48、72和96 h的半致死浓度（LC₅₀）分别为3.37、3.15、2.75和2.51 μmol/L，安全浓度为0.84 μmol/L；（2）在安全浓度（0.84 μmol/L）和生产上使用浓度（0.22 μmol/L）下，青海湖裸鲤（♀）×花斑裸鲤（♂）杂交幼鱼的耗氧率分别为0.340和0.293 mg/（g·h），窒息点分别为0.417和0.383 mg/L，均显著高于不用聚维酮碘时的耗氧率（0.243 mg/（g·h））和窒息点（0.363 mg/L）（P<0.05）。