Autophagy and other vacuolar protein degradation mechanisms

Autophagic degradation of cytoplasm (including protein, RNA etc.) is a non-selective bulk process, as indicated by ultrastructural evidence and by the similarity in autophagic sequestration rates of various cytosolic enzymes with different half-lives. The initial autophagic sequestration step, performed by a poorly-characterized organelle called a phagophore, is subject tofeedback inhibition by purines and amino acids, the effect of the latter being potentiated by insulin and antagonized by glucagon. Epinephrine and other adrenergic agonists inhibit autophagic sequestration through a prazosin-sensitive ₁-adrenergic mechanism. The sequestration is also inhibited by cAMP and by protein phosphorylation as indicated by the effects of cyclic nucleotide analogues, phosphodiesterase inhibitors and okadaic acid.Asparagine specifically inhibits autophagic-lysosomal fusion without having any significant effects on autophagic sequestration, on intralysosomal degradation or on the endocytic pathway. Autophaged material that accumulates in prelysosomal vacuoles in the presence of asparagine is accessible to endocytosed enzymes, revealing the existence of an amphifunctional organelle, the amphisome. Evidence from several cell types suggests that endocytosis may be coupled to autophagy to a variable extent, and that the amphisome may play a central role as a collecting station for material destined for lysosomal degradation.Protein degradation can also take place in a salvage compartment closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this compartment unassembled protein chains are degraded by uncharacterized proteinases, while resident proteins roturn to the ER and assembled secretory and membrane proteins proceed through the Golgi apparatus. In thetrans-Golgi network some proteins are proteolytically processed by Ca²⁺-dependent proteinases; furthermore, this compartment sorts proteins to lysosomes, various membrane domains, endosomes or secretory vesicles/granules. Processing of both endogenous and exogenous proteins can occurr in endosomes, which may play a particularly important role in antigen processing and presentation. Proteins in endosomes or secretory compartments can either be exocytosed, or channeled to lysosomes for degradation. The switch mechanisms which decide between these options are subject to bioregulation by external agents (hormones and growth factors), and may play an important role in the control of protein uptake and secretion.     

分解者亚系统能量流动的数学分析

依据房室模型和微分方程理论,对绿色农业生态系统中的分解者亚系统的能量流动过程进行了数学分析,建立了数学模型。稳定性分析结果表明,在绿色农业生态系统中,分解者亚系统能量流动过程中的平衡态是渐进稳定的。即该平衡态的稳定性机制为负反馈机制,该系统具有抵抗干扰和保持系统平衡态的自我调节能力,以确保能量流动的正常进行。最后,通过解微分方程,给出了该系统能量流动的数学模拟公式。     

北京地区有机氯农药的跨界面迁移与归趋

以北京地区为研究区域，利用三级逸度模型方法，建立了有机氯农药在北京多介质环境中迁移、转化和归趋的稳态非平衡模型．对六六六(HCHs)各异构体的计算浓度与实测浓度进行了验证，两者残差大部分小于0．7个对数单位，仅气相和鱼相浓度接近或略超过1个对数单位．计算结果表明，在持续用药期间，HCHs的主要来源是农业施用(134t／，a)和气平流输入(623t／a)，约占总输入量的92％；最主要的界面迁移通量依次为：气-土沉降(80t／a，68．6％)、土-水迁移(16t／a，13．8％)和土-气扩散(11t／a，9．6％)等；而土壤中的降解(133t／a，79．7％)和气平流输出(600t／a，17．6％)则是HCHs从研究区域消失的最主要途径；土壤中HCHs储量(245t)占总储量(253t)的97％，而气、水和沉积相中仅占0．32％、0．52％和1．9％．作为人类主要食物也是最直接暴露途径的农作物和鱼体内，分别含有HCHs 360kg和13kg，生物相储量占总储量的0．6％左右。     

A multi-layer zone model for predicting temperature distribution in a fire room

Modelingoffireinacompartmentcanbeachievedeitherusingazonemodelingmethodoracomputationalfluiddynamics (CFD )modelingmethod .Themostcommonzonemodelisthetwo zonemodel.Themaincharacterofthismodelisthatitdividestheroom (s)intoahot ,upperlayerandacooler,lowerlayer ,andthatthephysicalpropertiesofeachlayer ,suchasitsgastemperatureandspeciesconcentrationsarealluniform .Somemodelsofthistypehavebeendeveloped[1～3] ,andacomprehensivereviewoftheexistingtwo zonefiremodelscanbefoundinreference [4 ].Thecomp…     

307盘区火区启封技术的研究与应用

煤峪口矿11、12#合并层307盘区8705下煤柱于2007年2月21日发生内因火灾后,由于直接灭火无法将火熄灭,被迫将全盘区整体封闭。火区封闭后,采取了地面注氮、灌浆、堵漏、均压等措施进行治理,经过近2年的治理及观察,火区内气体、温度等参数处于稳定状态。在确认307火区具备启封条件并经集团公司批准后,煤峪口矿于2009年4月～5月对307火区内11、12#合并层5702下巷、2702下巷实施了启封,启封307火区从2008年8月制定方案到2009年5月启封工作结束,共历时10个月。307火区的启封成功,既减少资源浪费、延长矿井开采寿命起到积极作用。     

多管火箭射弹散布的模糊数学分析

本文利用模糊数学观点较全面地分析了影响多管火箭射弹散布的因素,利用模糊数学方法对射弹散布进行数值分析.并提出改进多管火箭射击密集度的一些意见.     

黑龙江省森林火灾的时空分布

黑龙江省位于我国东北部边疆。省内森林资源丰富，是欧亚大陆北方森林带的重要组成部分，地带性植被属于寒温带针叶林和温带针阔混交林，拥有全国面积最大的天然林，主要分布在大兴安岭北部、小兴安岭和东部山地，全省森林面积共1919万hm^2，活立木总蓄积是150.亿m^3。作为一种自然现象，木林火灾在发挥有利作用的同时也在危害着我们宝贵的森林资源，因此，采取科学的方法预防和控制森林火灾的发生已迫在眉睫。本文通过对近三十年的林火资料分析，绘制了黑龙江省森林火灾的分布图，并根据不同的火灾发生原因分别制图，分析了森林火灾发生的原因，而且探讨了林火发生的时空规律。     

Bioaccumulation processes in ecosystems

The fate of environmental pollutants — the various isotopes of elements, and inorganic or organic compounds — is a fundamental aspect of ecology and ecotoxicology, and bioaccumulation is a phenomenon often discussed in this context. Human activities have drastically altered natural concentrations of many substances in the environment and added numerous new chemicals. An understanding of the processes of bioaccumulation is important for several reasons. 1) Bioaccumulation in organisms may enhance the persistence of industrial chemicals in the ecosystem as a whole, since they can be fixed in the tissues of organisms. 2) Stored chemicals are not exposed to direct physical, chemical, or biochemical degradation. 3) Stored chemicals can directly affect an individual's health. 4) Predators of those organisms that have bioaccumulated harmful substances may be endangered by food chain effects. While former theories on the processes of bioaccumulation focused on single aspects that affect the extent of accumulation (such as the trophic level within the food chain or the lipophilicity of the chemical), modern theories are based on compartmental kinetics and the integration of various environmental interactions. Concepts include results from quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), pharmacokinetics, ecophysiology and general biology, molecular genetic aspects and selection, and finally the structure of communities and man-made alterations in them.     

综合航电火控系统模拟系统设计

当前军机广泛的使用指令/响应型数据总线作为其多功能综合航空电子火控系统的数据传输和控制系统,应用实时数据库的数据管理方法,采用面向组件的方法,仿真1553B总线的总线控制器和各远程终端的运行,设计实现了这种类型的专用综合航电模拟系统,并满足了实时性的要求。     

具有时滞效应二室模型的药物动力学分析

本文利用非平衡态统计物理学方法,探讨了含有时滞效应的二室模型中药物浓度动力学行为.结果表明,在引入适当的滞情况下,可以出现在中央室聚集和在两室中振荡的现象。这是某种给药方式而使药物在体内分布的一种由二室模型得出的新的结果;分析结果也表明,这种时滞效应不可能被包含在相应的速率常数之中.