重沉淀法制备聚苯乙烯粉末

采用重沉淀法对废旧聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(WEPS)实现消泡减容并制备聚苯乙烯粉末。以环己烷为良溶剂,其用量在40～60 mL范围,所得聚苯乙烯粉末的性状较好;以1,2-二氯乙烷为良溶剂,其用量在14～20 mL范围内,所得聚苯乙烯粉末的性状较好;以甲苯为良溶剂,其用量在16～24 mL范围内,所得聚苯乙烯粉末的性状较好;以乙酸乙酯为良溶剂,其用量在24～30 mL范围内,所得聚苯乙烯粉末的性状较好。此外,通过甲苯与乙酸乙酯的复配来优化实验条件,减少二次污染和降低成本。激光粒度分布测试表明:所得聚苯乙烯粉末的粒径处于微米级。     

陶瓷湿度传感器永久性老化机理分析

本文经过实验对陶瓷湿度传感器永久性老化机理作了分析。文中认为,多孔半导瓷的表面在潮湿气相中存在着极薄的水膜,有溶解、析晶过程和污染上的杂质离子与晶粒表面离子的交换过程;在干燥气相中有蒸发、凝结过程。这些过程导致表面活性离子的替代、溶解和蒸发,使半导瓷表面活性降低,造成永久性老化。     

白云母在碱剂中的溶蚀实验研究

系统地研究了白云母与碱剂(Na2CO3和NaOH)间的相互作用;分别对反应后的液相参数和固相参数进行了全面测定。研究结果表明:白云母在碱剂中存在短期瞬时效应和振荡变化趋势;NaOH浓度差异对白云母溶蚀程度的影响明显强于Na2CO3浓度差异对它的影响。此外,反应液中硅铝元素浓度之比与原始固相中的比例一致说明白云母在碱剂中发生了一致性溶蚀;而温度升高可以促进白云母的溶蚀。     

渤海K油田电潜泵化学解卡技术研究与应用

针对渤海K油田电潜泵泵卡影响生产且物理解卡不彻底的问题。分析了渤海K油田电潜泵结垢是泵卡主因,垢样主要由胶质、沥青质和碳酸钙镁、铁垢以及钡锶垢组成;采用低浓度的盐酸体系,具有多级电离、缓速性的多氢酸体系和以螯合剂为主的解堵体系的化学解卡技术思路,对电潜泵堵塞物中的无机垢进行酸洗、浸泡;形成了由钙镁垢体系、盐酸体系和多氢酸体系组成的多功能性化学段塞,并开展了垢样溶蚀性评价和部件腐蚀性评价。结果表明化学解卡技术配套体系对现场垢样溶蚀率高,同时对电缆、胶筒等电潜泵部件没有腐蚀风险。该技术在渤海K油田应用16井次,解卡成功率100%,启泵累产油7×10⁴ m³,增产效果显著,为渤海油田提供了一种高效、安全、经济的电潜泵化学解卡技术。     

蛭石在低浓度盐酸和硫酸中的溶出性比较研究

蛭石作为三八面体层状硅酸盐矿物,由于其独特的层状结构被广泛应用于各领域．酸处理蛭石能提高蛭石的比表面积,改变层电荷数,达到增加表面活性官能团的目的．以新疆尉犁蛭石为原料,在低浓度盐酸和硫酸界面进行溶出性比较研究,对原料及酸浸后样品的物相、结构、微观形貌以及浸出液中各离子浓度进行表征分析．结果表明：在酸浓度较低时盐酸和硫酸对蛭石的酸蚀程度相当,在酸浓度稍微增加时硫酸对蛭石的酸蚀速度快于盐酸．两种酸的蛭石结构中各金属离子浸出的难易顺序一致,均为：层间物>八面体片>四面体片．Ca²⁺作为层间阳离子在酸浸前4h的溶出速率远大于八面体阳离子Mg²⁺和四面体阳离子Al³⁺,且层间物中Ca²⁺相比于K⁺更容易浸出．适当的酸处理可以提高蛭石的阳离子交换容量．本文对于蛭石的利用开发具有一定意义．     

Role of β(FeAl) nanoparticles in abnormal grain growth in the annealing of cast Cu-Al-Mn-Fe shape memory alloys

In this study, the low-cost production of Cu-Al-Mn-Fe shape memory alloy single crystals exceeding 46 mm by abnormal grain growth was realized only through annealing their cast alloys. The results show that the misorientation formed during annealing may be responsible for such abnormal grain growth process. It was confirmed that this misorientation resulted from the dissolution of bcc β(FeAl) nanoparticles during heat treatment at a sufficiently temperature of approximately 1173 K. The rate of migration of the abnormal grain boundary was experimentally measured to be approximately 9.3 × 10^-5 m s^-1 within 2 min of the commencement of abnormal grain growth. Additionally, the range of composition of the alloys that can lead to abnormal grain growth was determined. When the Cu-13.0Al-6.5Mn-3.2Fe single crystal close to the [100] direction was deformed to a pre-strain of 12%, full shape recovery happened without any residual strain. At that time, the superelastic strain was approximately 9%. Such a superelastic characteristic remained nearly constant over 50 cycles, showing excellent fatigue resistance. The superelastic properties of the present Cu-13.0Al-6.5Mn-3.2Fe single crystal are compared to those of commercial Ni-Ti-based shape memory alloys. Therefore, it can be considered as a new kind of superelastic material having practical applications. The obtained results should be of great significance in the development of Cu-based shape memory alloys. Furthermore, it is expected that a similar microstructure can be designed for the production of more metallic single crystals.     

我国合同的变更或解除及其和国际的比较

合同的变更或解除是合同履行困难或一方严重违约时的一种补救措施，它对于挽救合同，避免损失，妥善解决合同履行中出现的困难，有着重要的作用。本文论述了我国合同变更和解除的基本含义、作用、原则、法定条件、程序及其法律后果，并进行了国际比较。     

三元体系对喇嘛甸油田二类油层的溶蚀作用研究

为探索非均质厚油层三元复合驱的可行性,2007年在喇嘛甸油田北东块开展强碱三元复合驱现场试验。试验过程中发现Si4+采出浓度大幅提高,强碱对油层具有较强的溶蚀作用,不仅会对油层造成伤害,还会给生产带来不便。因此开展三元体系对喇嘛甸油田二类油层溶蚀作用研究。利用常规化学分析手段及各种分析仪器测试手段,开展三元复合体系对储层岩石溶蚀作用、流动特性影响因素以及岩石结构的可视化研究。研究表明:随碱浓度增加、接触时间延长以及"液:固"的增加,溶蚀作用增强;在碱浓度相同条件下,与碱液相比较,二元复合体系和三元复合体系对岩样溶蚀程度较低,表面活性剂和聚合物具有减轻碱对岩样溶蚀作用效果的功效。研究结果能够对现场除防垢技术起到理论指导作用,进一步促进三元复合驱技术的推广应用。     

Dissolution behavior of bioactive glass ceramics with different CaO/MgO ratios in SBF-K9 and r-SBF

In the present work,we studied dissolution behavior of three glass ceramics samples each having 34 SiO2–14.5 P2O5–1 CaF2–0.5 MgF2(%wt)and ratio of CaO/MgO varying from 11.5:1 to 1:11.5 in conventional SBF(SBF-K9) and revised SBF(r-SBF) that has ionic concentration exactly equal to that of human blood plasma.For that purpose,samples were immersed in fluids for different time periods upto 25 days.Thin film XRD analysis revealed the diffusive nature of the phases on the surfaces of samples after soaking for different time periods in r-SBF.It showed the poor precipitation and small thickness of the HCAp layer on the samples as compared to that in SBF-K9,thus indicating the fitness and sensitivity of r-SBF for in-vitro characterization of samples.AAS,FTIR and EDS revealed slow bonding rate on the surfaces of the samples in r-SBF than that in SBF-K9 that showed the dependence of bond formation on the composition of the materials as well as on the physiological fluid used for in-vitro characterization.The rate of HCAp formation was slower in r-SBF due to more competitive adsorption of CO3 ions to Ca and Mg ions owing to greater amount of CO3 in r-SBF than that in SBF-K9.It shows the importance of CO3 content in the physiological fluids for the in-vitro assessment of samples.So,r-SBF is recommended to be used for assessment of samples to clearly understand their behavior in-vivo.     

3D TEM study on hollow α-Fe_2O_3 nanostructures and nanorings

Controlled synthesis of hollow structures with non-spherical holes is significant in fabricating nanomaterials with well-defined geometries and specific catalytic and electrochemical properties. Here we report the synthesis of uniform hexagonal bipyramid hematite(α-Fe_2O_3) nanoparticles with hollow and faceted interior via directional etching process in solution. The delicate hollow structures were investigated by electron tomography and growth mechanism was revealed unambiguously. The three-dimensional visualization demonstrates the outside surfaces of hematite particles are enclosed by six {104} and twelve {113} planes, due to the stabilizing effect of the F-anions on the exposed surfaces. The concurrent etching process is a reverse process of crystal growth and leads to the dissolution occurring at the edges and tips of the hexagonal bipyramid particles, resulting in the perforated crystals with exposed {102} internal facets or overetched nanorings with hexagonal cross-sections.This nanoscale growth and etching process still strictly follows the bulk crystal growth mechanism, thus shedding light on the synthesis of other nanoparticle with controlled morphologies and porous structures.