Identification and characterization of microsatellite markers for yellow grouper Epinephelus awoara and bluelined hind Cephalopholis formosa

0Introduction Groupershaveconsistentlyprovedhighlyvulnerable toanythingotherthanhighlevelsoffishingpressure.This islargelyduetotheirbiologicalcharacteristics.Yellow grouperEpinephelusawoaracanbeseeninHongKong livefishmarket[1].Manygrouperspeciesoncerecorded as“common”inHongKongarenowrarelyseen[2].Blue linedhindCephalopholisformosaisoftenmisidentifiedin thepetfishliteratureandsoldasC.boenakfromIndo westPacific.Cephalopholisispartofasub family(Epinephelinae)andfurthersub division(Tribe E…     

Octopus mimicking its follower reef fish

We describe a possible example of social mimicry between Octopus insularis and the small grouper Cephalopholis fulva, which frequently associate during foraging at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. The octopus, when swimming backwards, jet‐propelled, becomes similar in colour and shape to accompanying C. fulva individuals and is therefore less conspicuous within the fish group. We regard this as an instance of social mimicry, a form of protection against visually‐oriented predators in which different species similar in shape and colour mingle for the advantage of grouping. Even when swimming backwards alone, O. insularis may become similar to foraging C. fulva individuals, another putatively protective behaviour. We suggest that the feeding association commonly found between O. insularis and C. fulva minimized the evolutionary costs for the origin of mimicking by the octopus.