From aether impulse to QED: Sommerfeld and the Bremsstrahlen theory

The radiation that is due to the braking of charged particles has been in the focus of theoretical physics since the discovery of X-rays by the end of the 19th century. The impact of cathode rays in the anti-cathode of an X-ray tube that resulted in the production of X-rays led to the view that X-rays are aether impulses spreading from the site of the impact. In 1909, Arnold Sommerfeld calculated from Maxwell׳s equations the angular distribution of electromagnetic radiation due to the braking of electrons. He thereby coined the notion of “Bremsstrahlen.” In 1923, Hendrik A. Kramers provided a quantum theoretical explanation of this process by means of Bohr׳s correspondence principle. With the advent of quantum mechanics the theory of bremsstrahlung became a target of opportunity for theorists like Yoshikatsu Sugiura, Robert Oppenheimer, and–again–Sommerfeld, who presented in 1931 a comprehensive treatise on this subject. Throughout the 1930s, Sommerfeld׳s disciples in Munich and elsewhere extended and improved the bremsstrahlen theory. Hans Bethe and Walter Heitler, in particular, in 1934 presented a theory that was later regarded as “the most important achievement of QED in the 1930s” (Freeman Dyson). From a historical perspective the bremsstrahlen problem may be regarded as a probe for the evolution of theories in response to revolutionary changes in the underlying principles.     

厚靶轫致辐射谱的角分布计算

本文对厚靶轫致辐射谱角分布情况进行了理论研究和计算,并将结果与国外理论值和试验结果作了比较。     

激光深熔焊接小孔内等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收研究

在假设小孔为圆柱形的基础上，通过跟踪光线在小孔内的多次反射轨迹，对激光深熔焊接过程中小孔内等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收进行了研究，计算了小孔孔壁上吸收的激光功率密度，分析研究了孔壁的多次反射次数、聚焦透镜的焦距以及小孔直径等因素对孔壁上的激光功率密度分布的影响．计算结果表明：小孔孔壁通过等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收的激光功率密度主要取决于等离子体对直射激光的反韧致辐射吸收，小孔孔壁的多次反射光只对小孔下部孔壁的激光功率密度分布有一些影响．随着聚焦透镜焦距的增大，小孔孔壁上吸收的激光功率密度峰值减小，但分布区域向小孔深处推移．最后，对小孔孔壁上吸收的激光功率密度与小孔的尺寸之间的关系进行了讨论．小孔的尺寸取决于孔壁上吸收的激光功率密度大小．激光功率密度越大，小孔直径越大。     

圆锥形小孔内等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收研究

在假设小孔为圆锥形的基础上，按照几何光学理论，通过跟踪光线在小孔内的多次反射轨迹，对激光深熔焊接小孔内等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收进行了详细研究．计算了小孔孔壁通过孔内等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收的激光功率密度，分析研究了孔壁的多次反射次数、圆锥形小孔的锥项角以及圆锥形小孔的直径等因素对孔壁上的激光功率密度分布的影响．通过比较小孔内等离子体的反韧致辐射吸收的激光功率密度和小孔孔壁上的多次反射吸收的激光功率密度，分析了两种能量吸收机制在小孔形成和维持过程中所起的不同作用．