VA菌根对植物抗性的影响研究进展

综述了国外VA菌根影响宿主植物的抗旱性、耐盐性、抗低温性、抗重金属毒害及抗病虫害能力等方面的研究成果,同时提出了VA菌根真菌影响植物抗逆性问题。     

几种野生花卉丛枝菌根发育状况的研究

丛枝菌根是自然界中,植物与真菌形成的分布最广泛的一类互惠共生体。作者对山东省的6种重要野生花卉小黄花菜(Hemerocallis minorMill.)、萱草(Hemerocallis fulvaL.)、琥珀千里光(Senecio ambraceusTurcz.)、矮鸢尾(Iris chamaeiris)、甘野菊(Dendranthema lavandulaefolium)、锦鸡儿(Catagana sinicaRehd.)的AM真菌的侵染状况、典型结构的发育状况以及其根际土壤中AM真菌的孢子密度和根际AM真菌的相对多度和频度进行了研究。结果表明,所调查的6种野生花卉都被AM真菌侵染,且可观察到典型结构泡囊,其根际土壤中AM真菌孢子密度也相当丰富。在本次调查中共分离到了5个属的AM真菌,其中无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属真菌是野生花卉根际AM真菌的优势类群。     

密花石斛菌根菌分离鉴定及其代谢产物的测定

从引自福建的密花石斛根部直接分离，得到真菌一株，经鉴定属镳刀属菌株，在兰花菌根菌种类研究工作中尚属首次报道，将该菌进行液体培养，经检测未发现有维生素Ｂ１，却在其菌丝抽提液和菌培养液明显检测到赤霉素。     

东寨港红树林丛枝菌根真菌侵染和孢子密度及其影响因子研究

丛枝菌根(AM)结构存在于多种红树植物根内,但目前对于红树林中AM真菌的研究还未能完全揭示其存在的原因和状况。研究通过对海南东寨港红树林中不同潮位16种红树植物根内AM侵染情况、AM真菌孢子密度以及土壤理化因子开展调查,以了解东寨港红树林中AM真菌的存在状况及其影响因素。结果表明12种红树植物与AM真菌存在共生关系,其中海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、许树(Clerodendrum inerme)、水黄皮(Pongamia pinnata)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus)侵染率较高,均高于55%;16种植物根际土壤中均检测到AM真菌孢子,每25 g土壤的平均孢子密度为(25.7±2.7)个。方差分析表明,不同宿主植物根内AM侵染情况差异显著;潮位对AM侵染率和孢子密度均具有显著影响,表现为高潮位显著高于中、低潮位,而中低潮位间无显著差异。线性回归分析表明土壤含水率、电导率和有效磷含量可能是影响东寨港红树林生境中AM侵染率和孢子密度的主要土壤因子。     

丛枝菌根真菌的增殖技术

对目前国内丛枝菌根真菌的主要增殖方法进行比较研究．以三叶草作宿主植物,采用单孢和多孢两种接种方法,分别将摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉、地球囊霉、缩球囊霉和网状球囊霉,在土培、沙培、水培的条件下进行增殖．收获后分别测定它们的侵染株率、侵入点的密度和侵染率．研究结果表明,三叶草是理想的宿主植物,其在液培条件下丛枝菌根真菌侵染能力最高,沙培法法次之,土培法最低,摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉对三叶草侵染能力较高．     

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对大青杨苗木根系的影响

应用丛枝菌根(AM)真菌对大青杨苗木进行人工接种,摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、根内球囊霉(G.intraradices)、弯丝球囊霉(G.sinuosa)、地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)都与盆栽大青杨苗木形成菌根复合体。菌根化苗木的主根长、地径、侧根数、根生物量均与对照苗木差异显著。苗木生物量的累积与菌根侵染率呈显著正相关(P<0.05),证明大青杨为菌根依赖性树种。G.mosseae和G.intraradices侵染率分别是64.4%和67.4%,侵染效果最好。菌根真菌使苗木根系体积增大、总吸收面积增加,特别是使苗木根系的活跃吸收面积显著增加,其中接种G.mosseae的苗木根系活跃吸收面积比是对照处理的1.64倍。根系中活跃吸收面积比与磷、钾元素含量呈显著正相关。苗木生长的盛期和末期,菌根化苗木根系过氧化物酶活性显著高于对照,而在生长后期却显著低于对照(P<0.05)。由于受菌根真菌的影响,苗木根系多酚氧化酶活性显著高于对照(P<0.05),在苗木生长盛期酶活性最强,不同菌种接种的苗木间差异不显著。     

The significance of mycorrhizas for protective ecosystems

Summary On the basis of the reviews presented in this issue, the ecological significance of mycorrhizal symbioses is discussed. Mycorrhizas may have some importance in the acquisition of mineral nutrients during the productive phase of ecosystems in early stages of succession, but their main role is played during the protective phase of ecosystems in the final stages of succession when most resources are incorporated into biomass. In these successional stages, mycorrhizas short-circuit nutrient cycles by directly reacquiring nutrients in organic form from plant (and fungal) litter, and they may reallocate resources between different plant individuals, preventing loss of resources from the entire ecosystem.     

大气CO2浓度增加对根瘤和菌根活动的影响

大气CO2浓度增加明显促进植物根系与固氮细菌及菌根真菌的共生。CO2浓度增加条件下，根系结瘤量增多，平均瘤重增加，单株固氮活性提高，但固氮比活性的变化在不同物种和不同生长阶段的表现不一致。CO2浓度增加同时还提高菌根在植物根系的侵染率。     

红壤中菌根对柑桔磷肥效应的研究

取第四纪红壤,接种VA菌根真菌(Glomus citricolum)于枳(P(?)ncirus trif(?)liata)实生苗,以不接种为对照,各施用6种磷肥量,共12个处理.1987年和1988年两年重复的盆栽试验证明:(1)在红壤中枳的菌根发育良好,接种菌根真菌4个月后,检查枳实生苗的菌根感染率为30%左右,高的可达39.0%;(2)在红壤中每亩施25—125kg不同量的过磷酸钙对无菌粮枳实生苗的生长效应不明显,而接种菌根真菌后则能显著地促进枳实生苗的生长.4个月中,有菌根枳苗的株高比对照的增长1倍,主干粗度增40%-93%,植株鲜重增3—6倍;(3)菌根使枳苗地上部含磷量比对照多3—5倍;(4)土壤在不灭菌条件下,接种菌根真菌也有一定的效果.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi infection in desert riparian forest and its environmental implications: A case study in the lower reach of Tarim River

This study was conducted on the desert riparian forest along the lower reach of the inland Tarim River, which is located in the arid region of Northwest China. Fifteen plant species in 10 families were collected from five monitoring sections, and examined for the infection ofarbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF）. The impact of different soil factors on AMF infection rate and intensity was compared using the principal component analysis （PCA） method. The results indicate that 11 species are AM and only 4 are non-AM plants. The estimated capacity of AMF infection depends on families of plants and also the parameters （infection rate, infection intensity, fungal spore density） used. The density of fungal spores was relatively higher in Phragmites communis and Populus euphratica in Graminaceae and Salicaceae families, respectively. The infection rate was above 50% in all the AM plants, except Calligonumjunceum. The highest infection rate appeared in Alhagi sparsifolia （97%） and Glycyrrhizainflata （92%）. However, when compared by AMF infection intensity, Tamarix spp. became the top one, followed by Alhagi sparsifolia, and Glycyrrhiza inflata was in the middle range of all the species. The PCA has identified that soil total salt, moisture, organic matter, total nitrogen, total P, available K and pH were closely associated with the AMF infection.