2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚对两种常见田间病害的防治效果

2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚能够防治多种土传病原菌引起的根部病害和苗期病害,是一种新型广谱抗生素。通过田间小区试验发现,2,4-二乙酰基间苯三酚对两种常见田间病害具有很好的防治效果,1%可湿性粉剂拌种处理对棉花立枯病的防效达到61.74%,200ug/mL浓度下对小麦白粉病的防治效果达到47.5%。     

Progress and prospects of studies on Polymyxa graminis and its transmitted cereal viruses in China

Polymyxa graminis is a eukaryotic obligate biotrophic parasite of plant roots that belongs to a poorly studied discrete taxonomic unit informally called “plasmodiophorids”. P. graminis is nonpathogenic, but has the ability to acquire and transmit nine plant viruses which belong to genera Bymovirus and Furovirus and cause serious diseases in cereal crop species and also result in significant yield reductions in China and elsewhere. Genus Bymovirus contains barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV), and oat mosaic virus (OMV), and genus Furovirus contains soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), oat golden stripe virus (OGSV), and newly identified Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) and soil-borne cereal mosaic virus (SBCMV). All these viruses have been sequenced and their worldwide distributions have been studied. The viruses are protected by the environment within P. graminis resting spores that may remain dormant but viable for decades (probably until a suitable host plant is encountered). Spontaneous deletion mutants of SBWMV, OGSV and OMV are detected, and these deletion mutants are not transmissible by the fungus. The persistent, soil-borne nature of these diseases makes the use of virus-resistant crop varieties currently the only practical and environmentally friendly means to control them, and a large number of disease resistant germplasms have been screened.     

利用PCR扩增的核糖体DNAs鉴定禾顶囊壳菌和瓶梗霉

小麦全蚀病是由禾顶囊壳菌引起的小麦根部病害,在全世界范围内普遍发生.用传统的方法鉴别和区分病原菌与非致病菌花费时间长而且有时不准确.本研究利用PCR技术,扩增了15个禾顶囊壳菌和瓶梗霉分离株的核糖体DNAs,并用限制性内切酶Dde I酶切后电泳,结果表明,该法可有效鉴别禾顶囊壳菌和瓶梗霉这2个不同的种.     

木霉菌制剂对禾谷全蚀病的防治作用

木霉菌是对多种植物病原真菌有作用的拮抗体,包括Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici(Ggt),Pythium spp.,Rhizoctonia solani以及Fusarium spp．木霉菌能产生抑制植物病原真菌生长与活力的抗菌物质,是理想的植物病害生物防治菌。有效的生物防治方法可为农民提供低风险而又灵活的病害防治措施,特别是在需要减缓病原菌对化学杀菌剂产生抗药性的情况下。本文综合介绍了在南澳大利亚田间进行的利用康宁木霉菌(T.koningii)防治禾谷类根部病害的结果,并重点介绍澳大利亚在商品化开发方面的工作进展。在病害发生严重的情况下,康宁木霉菌可降低小麦全蚀病和丝核菌根腐病发病程度分别达2,4％和48％。小麦产量增加7％,也能降低大麦丝核菌根腐病发病程度达59％。康宁木霉菌也能够防治由Ceratocystis paradoxa引起的甘蔗凤梨病。     

禾白粉病菌侵染小麦叶绿体超微结构的研究

禾白粉病茵侵染小麦叶绿体的超微结构分析发现,被侵染组织表皮细胞下方的叶肉细胞代谢活性增强,叶绿体退化延迟,光合作用增强,细胞中积累了大量的脂肪滴,外观上表现为“绿岛”现象,说明植物的感病性与叶肉细胞的代谢状况有关。     

Progress and prospects of studies on Polymyxa graminis and its transmitted cereal viruses in China

Asearlyasinthe1920s,amosaicorrosettediseasewasfirstreportedonwinterwheatinAmerica,andthenitwasfoundthatthepathogenwastransmittedviasoil. In1925,Mckinneysuccessfullytransmittedthepathogenfromtheinfectedplantstohealthyplantsbymechanical inoculationandprovedthatthepathogenwasavirus,namedsoil bornewheatmosaicvirus(SBWMV).In1969,RaoandBrakkefoundthatSBWMVwas transmittedbyPolymyxagraminisinsoil[1].Inlateryears,similardiseaseswerealsoreportedinJapan,I taly,France,Germany,BrazilandArgentina,w…     

African species of the mealybug genus Antonina Signoret (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)

Four species of the legless mealybug genus Antonina have been recorded from Africa and are discussed here. These are A. graminis (Maskell), A. indica var. panica Hall, A. natalensis Brain and A. transvaalensis Brain. All are grass feeding species and live mainly at the base of the plants, between the leaf sheath or at the roots. The names A. indica var. panica and A. transvaalensis have been synonymized previously with A. natalensis but the three species are regarded here as distinct. A. indica var. panica is here raised to specific rank as A. panica. A. graminis is known world-wide, A. panica occurs in North Africa and extends into Israel and possibly Jordan, and A. natalensis and A. transvaalensis are known from the Afrotropical Region. All four species are redescribed and illustrated and a key is provided to aid identification.     

一种草坪粉蚧记述

本文记述福州市草坪发现的一种粉蚧——九龙安粉蚧Antonina graminis(Maskell),简要介绍其地理分布、形态特征和危害习性。     

12.5%全蚀净悬浮剂拌种防治小麦全蚀病示范效果

试验结果表明,12.5%全蚀净悬浮剂20ml/667m2、40ml/667m2拌种处理对小麦全蚀病有良好的防效,对小麦白穗率的防效分别为86.3%、93.2%,小麦增产效果分别为20.3%、25.1%,均明显优于25%粉锈宁可湿性粉剂拌种效果.此外,12.5%全蚀净悬浮剂拌种处理对小麦根系生长有刺激作用,毛细根数量增加,根系加长,鲜重增加.对小麦安全无药害.