菌丝内生细菌及其宿主真菌共生体系研究进展

微生物共生普遍存在于自然界中，真菌-细菌联合体能以多种方式相互作用，共同发挥各种生态功能。有些细菌驻留在真菌菌丝内部，借以调控真菌的生长、发育、分布和次级代谢过程，这些细菌被称为菌丝内生细菌（endohyphal bacteria, EHB）。EHB的研究揭开了微生物生态学的一个新篇章，是真菌与细菌共生关系中最紧密的代表。在逆境条件下，EHB可以调节寄主生殖机制相关的关键成分或步骤，诱导植物激素类物质的产生，对寄主真菌具有辅助性保护作用。研究最深入的真菌-EHB共生体系是植物致病性根霉菌Rhizopus sp.与伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia sp.，引起水稻幼苗枯萎病所必需的植物毒素——根霉素是由伯克霍尔德氏菌所产生的，而非寄主根霉菌本身产生的。EHB也会影响定殖于高等植物的内生真菌的生态和多样性。在某些情况下，EHB还有助于激活参与识别、转录调节和初级代谢蛋白合成过程的相关基因。目前已开发出了无菌培养分离EHB的方法，然而对真菌-EHB共生体系的研究尚不够深入。综述了菌丝内生细菌EHB及其与宿主真菌的共生体系，阐述这些伴侣之间复杂微妙的相互关系，以及EHB对宿主真菌和宿主植物生长和发育的影响，并对该领域的研究方向提出了建议。     

广纳文化根系与壮族的文化生态美——壮族文化生态美研究之三

壮族具有一种可称为广纳性文化根系 ,表现为对异质文化的宽容、平等和吸纳和对苗瑶文化、汉族文化的宽容和吸纳 ,形成了壮族许多再生文化、杂糅文化形态 ,也使壮族文化符合生态文化的共生规律。     

南宁地区石灰岩山地生态设计初探

南宁地区石灰岩山地多为荒山草坡,开发利用非常困难。根据景观生态学的“共生”原则,利用生物控制的方法,从当地植物种群中优选了一系列耐旱、耐瘠、速生、固氮的品种,提出了建立以新银合欢为主的植物群落的生态建设方案。     

Two classes of metabolites fromTheonella swinhoei are localized in distinct populations of bacterial symbionts

The marine spongeTheonella swinhoei (lithistid Family Theonellidae, Order Astrophorida) has yielded many important, bioactive natural products, most of which share structural features with bacterial natural products. The presence of microbial symbionts inT. swinhoei has been reported, and it was originally suggested that the cytotoxic macrolide swinholide A and many of the bioactive cyclic peptides fromT. swinhoei were all produced by symbiotic cyanobacteria. By transmission electron microscopy, we found four distinct cell populations to be consistently present inT. swinhoei: eukaryotic sponge cells, unicellular heterotrophic bacteria, unicellular cyanobacteria and filamentous heterotrophic bacteria. Purification and chemical analyses of each cell type showed the macrolide swinholide A to be limited to the mixed population of unicellular heterotrophic bacteria, and an anti-fungal cyclic peptide occurred only in the filamentous heterotrophic bacteria. Contrary to prior speculation, no major metabolites were located in the cyanobacteria or sponge cells.     

Butterflies and ants: The communicative domain

Associations with ants, termed myrmecophily, are widespread in the butterfly family Lycaenidae and range from mere co-existence to more or less specific mutualistic or even parasitic interactions. Secretions of specialized epidermal glands are crucial for mediating the interactions. Transfer of nutrients (carbohydrates, amino acids) from butterfly larvae to ants plays a major role, but manipulative communication with the help of odour signals is also involved. By means of myrmecophily, lycaenid butterflies largely escape ant predation, and certain species gain protection through attendant ants or achieve developmental benefits from ant-attendance. Benefits to the ants range from minimal to substantial food rewards. While most lycaenid species maintain facultative relationships with a variety of ant genera, highly specific and obligatory associations have convergently evolved in a number of butterfly lineages. As a corollary, communication systems are largely unspecific in the former, but may be highly specialized in the latter. The sophisticated communication between obligate myrmecophiles and their host ants is tightly connected with the evolutionary rise of specialized life-cycles and thus is a source of augmenting diversity within the butterflies.     

具反馈控制和Allee效应的偏利共生系统动力学行为

具有反馈控制和Allee效应的偏利共生模型,其动力学行为比较复杂 .在反馈控制偏利共生模型的基础上,研究加法Allee效应对系统的动力学行为的影响,证明了系统正平衡点存在的条件足以保证系统的全局吸引性 .通过构造适当的Lyapunov函数,得到平衡点全局稳定的充分条件.研究表明：Allee效应不影响反馈控制偏利共生系统平衡点的稳定性,但会影响平衡点的位置.     

The C4-dicarboxylate transport system ofRhizobium meliloti and its role in nitrogen fixation during symbiosis with alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

TheRhizobium meliloti C₄-dicarboxylate transport (Dct) system is essential for an effective symbiosis with alfalfa plants. C₄-dicarboxylates are the major carbon source taken up by bacteroids. Genetic analysis of Dct^– mutant strains led to the isolation of thedct carrier genedctA and the regulatory genesdctB anddctD. The carrier genedctA is regulated in free-living cells by the alternative sigma factor RpoN and the two-component regulatory system DctB/D. In addition, DctA is involved in its own regulation, possibly by interacting with DctB. In bacteroids, besides the DctB/DctD system an additional symbiotic activator is thought to be involved indctA expression. Further regulation ofdctA in the free-living state is reflected by diauxic growth of rhizobia, with succinate being the preferred carbon source. The tight coupling of C₄-dicarboxylate transport and nitrogen fixation is revealed by a reduced level of C₄-dicarboxylate transport in nitrogenase negative bacteroids.     

论系统演化的共生性

在物质世界诸种系统自组织演化过程中，普遍存在着整体共存、互动共生、和睦共处、和谐共荣、协调共进的系统共生性征。系统共生是实现其可持续发展的基础与依据。     

基于共生思想的新疆旅游资源整合研究

文章从生物学中共生的概念和内涵入手,引出整合旅游资源,实现区域旅游地的“双赢”与“多赢”是共生思想的深刻本质.为达到优化资源配置和实现旅游资源整体综合效益的最大化,笔者在全面考虑新疆旅游资源整体优势和旅游产业背景的基础上,基于的共生思想对新疆旅游资源实施统一规划和全面整合.本文对新疆旅游资源整合开发的空间布局进行了初步构想,并提出了措施与建议,对实现新疆旅游业的健康、快速、持续发展具有重大现实意义.     

敦煌盆地侏罗系致密油地质特征及其意义

敦煌盆地残留性质明显,侏罗纪成盆后改造变化大、油气地质条件复杂。为进一步加快勘探进程,在前期成果基础上,以非常规油气地质理论为指导,从盆地的演化入手,通过新钻探致密油藏的解剖和地质特征的系统研究,明确了侏罗系致密油藏形成条件和地质特征。中下侏罗统发育二套较好烃源岩,其中中间沟组一段的烃源岩有机质含量高、以I～II_1型为主,发育于还原性的湖相环境,为致密油形成提供了较好的物质基础。广泛分布的三角洲、扇三角洲前缘砂体,是致密油聚集的主要场所。近源聚集、保存条件较好的致密油藏是下步勘探的主攻方向,三危山北侧的清台、五墩凹陷烃源岩发育厚度大,其深洼带断层发育较少,后期改造以整体抬升为主,保存相对完整,发育的岩性和构造-岩性圈闭最为有利,特别是被大山口组和中间沟组烃源岩包裹的有利砂体是首选的钻探目标。对区内实现实质性的突破,推动整个河西走廊中小盆地群的油气勘探,均具有重要的现实意义。