Using genetically-defined rodent strains for the identification of hippocampal traits relevant for two-way avoidance behavior: a non-invasive approach

Summary Genetically-defined rodent strains permit the identification of hippocampal traits which are of functional relevance for the performance of two-way avoidance behavior. This is exemplified here by analyzing the relationship between infrapyramidal mossy fibers (a tiny projection terminating upon the basal dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons) and two-way avoidance learning in about 800 animals. The necessary steps include 1) identification of structural traits sensitive to selective breeding for extremes in two-way avoidance, 2) testing the robustness of the associations found by studying individual and genetical correlations between hippocampal traits and behavior, 3) establishing causal relationships by Mendelian crossing of strains with extreme structural traits and studying the behavioral consequences of such structural randomization, 4) confirming causal relationships by manipulating the structural variable in inbred (isogenic) strains, thereby eliminating the possibility of genetic linkage, and 5) ruling out the possibility of spurious associations by studying the correlations between the hippocampal trait and other behaviors known to depend on hippocampal functioning.In comparison with the classical lesion approach for identifying relationships between brain and behavior, the present procedure appears to be superior in two aspects: it is non-invasive, and it focuses automatically on those brain traits which are used by natural selection to shape behaviorally-defined animal populations, i.e., it reveals the natural regulators of behavior.     

扭矩对三维空间圆截面曲杆弹性屈曲的影响

采用自然坐标系,由Green应变张量的定义,给出了自然坐标形式的三维细长空间曲杆的Green应变计算公式,建立了同时考虑轴向压力和扭矩影响的能量变分方程.采用2节点12个自由度的自然坐标形式的三维空间曲梁单元,采用线性特征值分析方法,研究分析了同时受轴向压力和扭矩作用的具有初始曲率和挠率的三维空间杆柱的屈曲问题.数值结果与存在的理论解极为吻合,验证了公式的正确性.更为引人注意的是:不论直杆还是曲杆,扭矩对它们的弹性屈曲影响不可不计.     

一种基于无网格方式的弹塑性体变形仿真方法

提出了一种对高弹性、高塑性物体变形进行仿真的新方法。该算法利用点采样的方式表现表面,使用采样分裂和聚合以适应仿真中采样密度的变化。将弹性力学中的理论应用到仿真中,使用移动最小二乘法计算应力、张力、弹性体力,使用张力状态变量来描述弹塑性变化,利用向量位移进行了仿真。仿真结果可表现融化、分裂、聚合等弹塑性变形。     

不对称还原苯乙酮酸甲酯的生物转化菌种选育及条件优化

选用酵母菌、乳酸菌、粪链球菌、假丝酵母等4个种属共15株菌株,研究其对苯乙酮酸甲酯的不对称还原催化特性.以具有R(-)-扁桃酸甲酯较高转化活力的菌株S.cNo.1、S.cNo.3、S.cNo.9作为出发菌株,采用紫外与微波复合诱变的方法,筛选获得S.c3.5.16突变株.考察培养温度、pH值对该突变株转化活力的影响,结果表明,S.c3.5.16菌株的R(-)-扁桃酸甲酯生物转化最适反应条件为培养基pH6.5、温度38℃,苯乙酮酸甲酯转化为扁桃酸甲酯的得率达到99.3%,R(-)-扁桃酸的光学纯度达到95.5%e.e..     

不同株系丹参有效成分比较研究

为比较不同株系之间丹参有效成分的差异,采用高效液相色谱法测定丹参中包括丹参酮ⅡA在内的4种脂溶性成分和包括丹酚酸B在内的3种水溶性成分的含量,并应用SPSS软件对所得数据进行分析。通过对两大类成分的比较,发现10种株系丹参中,3、7号株系的脂溶性成分含量较高,可考虑培育为脂溶性成分提取原料;而1、9、10号株系的水溶性成分较高,可考虑培育为水溶性成分提取原料。显著性分析结果表明,所测10种不同株系丹参在其主要水溶性和脂溶性成分上存在显著差异。该研究可以为丹参优良种质的筛选提供依据。     

一株原油降黏细菌的筛选

自环境中分离出一株假单胞菌，在厌氧条件下能显著降低高黏度原油黏度，降黏率最高可达68％，气相色谱显示，降解前后原油中各组份含量发生显著变化。     

废水处理系统中功能菌株特异分子标记

用40条10碱基随机引物对油脂化工废水处理系统中分离到的降解脂肪酸和脂肪胺功能菌株FA-2。FA-3及对照菌株进行RAPD分析。筛选出长度为700bp的FA-2的特异性片段,并克隆到pMD 18-T载体上．根据测序结果,设计了1对SCAR(sequence characterized anlplfied region)引物,通过SCAR-PCR反应,获得SCAR标记,并通过对20个培养样品进行PCR扩增,验证了标记特异性．结果表明该标记可作为特异的分子标记用于污水处理系统中功能菌株FA-2的监测．     

平垂扰流(PVFL)流态与污水生化处理工艺及设备研究

基于平面层流与垂直流交错扰动流态的扰流机理,将德国垂直流迷宫(VFL)水处理技术与我国特色食泥菌种生物水处理技术相结合,通过物模实验及数模优化,开发设计出平垂扰流(PVFL)迷宫结构生化污水处理工艺及设备;基于鱼鳃过滤原理,仿生设计集水自压分子鳃超滤系统,使外排水质达到人可饮用的国家标准。该装置具有“流程短、投资少、无人值守、智能控制”等特点,可应用于城乡建设中,实现水资源循环高值化再利用,同时其在煤化工、石油化工和军事野战等污水处理市场应用前景广阔。     

Genetic determinants of individual differences in avoidance learning: Behavioral and endocrine characteristics

Bidirectional genetic selection for good and poor active avoidance learning in a shuttle box has been carried out in three independent laboratories using remarkably similar discrete-trial training procedures. The resulting strains are known as the Roman High and Low Avoidance (RHA and RLA), the Syracuse High and Low Avoidance (SHA and SLA) and the Australian High and Low Avoidance (AHA and ALA) strains, respectively. An additional unidirectionally selected strain, known as the Tokai High Avoider (THA) strain was developed in Japan using a free-operant Sidman avoidance procedure in a Skinner box. This paper reviews the selection of the Syracuse strains, enumerates the various behavioral and endocrine characteristics of the strains, and compares them to the other similarly selected strains. The behavioral work suggests that genetic selection from diverse breeding stocks has resulted in common characteristics that differentiate the strains in the emotional, not learning, domain. The endocrine data, however, are somewhat at odds. The Syracuse strains differentiate one way with respect to endocrine function, and the Roman strains differentiate in the opposite way. We suggest, therefore, that the endocrine correlates are not tightly linked to the avoidance genotype. Genetic analysis of all of the selected strains for both the avoidance phenotype and the endocrine correlates will be needed to test this hypothesis.Preparation of this paper was supported by research grant MH-39230-3 from the National Institute of Mental Health.     

沼液和香蕉秆压榨汁生产单细胞蛋白菌株的筛选

由于全球蛋白质缺乏,单细胞蛋白(Single cell protein,SCP)作为一种安全的食品添加剂和饲料,越来越受到人们的重视。尽管SCP大规模生产历史已有近百年,但是对各种优良生产菌株、潜在底物以及最优发酵条件的研究仍然是世界各国研究的热点。基于此,本研究以沼液和香蕉秆压榨汁为研究对象,对能利用其生长的菌株进行筛选,为进一步的单细胞蛋白生产提供参考。实验结果表明:酵母菌、芽孢杆菌都能利用沼液和香蕉秆压榨汁生长,但香蕉秆压榨汁不易保存,因此不宜作为发酵底物;热带假丝酵母Candida tropicalis在沼液中的生长能力强于酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y49和毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115;芽孢杆菌在沼液中的生长无规律,且易染杂菌,不适合实际生产应用。因此,沼液作为热带假丝酵母单细胞蛋白生产的培养基,不仅能为单细胞蛋白的生产提供原料,也有利于沼液的妥善处理,实现经济效益和环境效益的双赢。