三峡巫文化中的医学易学灵学

三峡巫文化是远古时期人类在生息繁衍、推动社会发展过程中创造的一种适应自然、改造自然的原始文化,是人们关于万物有灵崇拜时代所有知识、技能、信仰、艺术、道德、风俗的总称。三峡巫文化与医学、易学、灵学有着密不可分的联系,都是以阴阳学说为核心,具有预测吉凶、行医救人、布道传教、关注民生的社会功能。     

The detection of fraud and fakery

Summary Fraud is often found in science, especially in what is termed, fringe science. There are several reasons why scientists should be aware of the fact that they, too, can be deceived, both by subjects in experiments and by themselves. The will to believe is strong even among hard-headed academics, and is often the factor that causes them to publish results that do not stand up to subsequent examination and/or attempts to replicate. In some cases, scientists would be well advised to consult with such experts as conjurors, when skilled frauds are in a position to mislead them.     

Skepticism about the paranormal: Legitimate and illegitimate

Summary With the growth of belief in the paranormal, skepticism can play a vital role in the scientific appraisal of claims. There are two forms: the first, hardly legitimate, is negative or total skepticism. It is nihilistic and dogmatic, and essentially self-defeating and self-contradictory. The second, a legitimate form, is selective skepticism. Here skepticism operates as a methodological principle of inquiry, testing hypotheses and theories in the light of evidence, but always open to new departures in thought. Skepticism has been applied historically to epistemology, metaphysics, religion, and ethics. The paranormal field has been full of fraud. Here the skeptic insists upon replicable experiments by neutral or skeptical observers before he will accept a claim as confirmed.