猕猴桃果茶加工工艺的研究

以成熟猕猴桃为主要原料，制成猕猴桃果茶。研究猕猴桃果茶的加工工艺，确定了适宜的工艺参数，制定了产品质量标准，并对加工过程中的原果风味、色泽及Vc的保存作了深入探讨。     

Genotypic variation in foraging responses to environmental stimuli by honey bees,Apis mellifera

We experimentally tested a model predicting that colony-level genotypic diversity contributes to colonylevel foraging flexibility in honey bees. We established a colony into which we placed individually marked workers from three genetically distinct groups. The colony was placed in an enclosure that contained feeding stations with pollen and sugar syrup. Foraging resources, stores of pollen and the quantity of brood within the colony were varied temporally. Individual foragers switched between resource types in response to changes in relative resource quality and colony need, demonstrating flexibility in resource choice at the individual level. However, genetic groups within the colony varied in their tendency to collect pollen versus nectar, and in lability of response to changes in foraging stimuli. Our data suggest that within-colony genotypic diversity contributes to a resilient foraging response to environmental variation.     

豫北地区蜜粉源植物的考察研究

本调查研究河南北部,黄河北岸地区内蜜粉源植物,初步筛选出蜜粉源植物376种及变种,隶属于81科233属。中着重分析了本地区主要蜜源、主要粉源、重要辅助蜜粉源植物,为科研和持续开发利用植物资源提供了科学依据。     

Effects of different ant species on the attendance of neighbouring hemipteran colonies and the outcomes for the host plant

Ants commonly participate simultaneously in mutualisms with honeydew-producing hemipterans and extrafloral nectar-bearing host plants. These interactions are based on the exchange of resources (honeydew and extrafloral nectar) for ant protection against natural enemies. The benefits may vary according to the species of ant interacting, and the outcomes for the host plant and hemipteran will depend on the results of the ant-plant-hemipteran relationship as a whole. We studied a plant-mealybug association with Camponotus crassus Mayr (Formicinae) and Ectatomma tuberculatum Olivier (Ectatomminae) in a Brazilian tropical savanna. We aimed to elucidate whether the frequency of visitation by different species of ants can be affected by neighbouring colonies of mealybugs, and whether these ant species influence the number of hemipterans in a different way. Furthermore, we intended to find out whether the interaction between ant and hemipteran has any effect on the proportion of fruit production or on the abundance of trophobiont and non-trophobiont herbivores, also influenced by the ant species. Our results show that neighbouring aggregations of mealybugs influenced the frequency of ant visitation and the ants affected the number of nymphs over time, with both positive results only for C. crassus. We also detected an indirect negative effect on proportion of fruit production and an increase in abundance of trophobiont and non-trophobiont herbivores in the presence of C. crassus-mealybug interaction. Thus, we provide further evidence that colonies of hemipterans interacting with ants can be beneficial for these herbivorous insects, but they are quite harmful to the host plant. Nevertheless, the outcomes can be highly conditional in relation to ant species.     

山西省优良蜜粉源植物资源——青麸杨

青麸杨是山区优良的蜜粉源植物资源,也是五倍子蚜虫的寄主植物.蜂群在山西省南部转地饲养,很好的利用了青麸杨蜜粉源植物,对养蜂生产具有重要指导意义.     

石榴完全花和雄花泌蜜特点的比较

测定了盛花期石榴完全花和雄花的泌蜜量和糖浓度,并分析比较二者的泌蜜特点.结果表明：完全花单朵平均泌蜜量为44.66 μL,雄花单朵泌蜜量为19.43 μL,二者差异极显著（t = 12.6,P<0.000 1）;完全花花蜜平均糖浓度为22.31%,雄花花蜜平均糖浓度为19.17%,二者差异也极显著（t = 3.2,P=0.001 6）;完全花第1天平均泌蜜量为31.12 μL,占总泌蜜量的70.59%,雄花第1天平均泌蜜量为16.60 μL,占总泌蜜量的85.44%.在盛花期随着时间推移,完全花单朵花泌蜜量的变化幅度大于雄花,但在同一时间上完全花的泌蜜量都高于雄花.     

分光光度法测定蜜源花粉总黄酮含量

本文采用柱层析方法从花粉中分离黄酮类化合物并用分光光度法测定蜜源(刺梨)花粉中总黄酮含量。     

Natural history and ecology of foraging of the Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

ABSTRACT

Ants are abundant in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the Brazilian Cerrado, where they can play several roles at different levels of the food chain, including protection of plants against herbivores. Although there are many studies that evaluate the ant–plant interaction in the Cerrado, little is known about the natural history of most species of ants. Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862, for example, is considered one of the main agents of plant biotic defence in Cerrado. But there are no studies specifically focused on this species, which hinders the understanding of how arthropod–plant interactions are structured in Cerrado. Here, we describe the natural history and ecology of the foraging of the C. crassus. We conducted the study from January 2013 to December 2014 in 10 quadrants of 40 m² to measure: the abundance, density and distribution of nests, location of the nests, the internal structure of the nests, the daily foraging of workers out of the nest, the food items they collect and the existence of territoriality and dominance of the workers on the soil and vegetation. We found 18 nests, 13 in the soil and 5 in hollow trunks on the ground with variable internal structures. The distribution of nests is aggregate, with density of 0.045 nests/m² and average distance of 3.73 m between nests. The foraging activity occurs on the daytime during the rainy and dry season. Extrafloral nectar and honeydew were the resources most collected, comprising 83.33% of the resources in the rainy period and 30% in the dry period. Camponotus crassus is a dominant species, especially on vegetation, although it also forages on the soil. This is the first study to evaluate in detail the natural history and foraging ecology of C. crassus, a diurnal, aggressive and territorial ant that mainly forage climbing onto the plants.     

Adult butterfly feeding–nectar flower associations: constraints of taxonomic affiliation,butterfly, and nectar flower morphology

Butterfly–flower morphological interrelationships were investigated for 108 butterfly species and 20 plants at Nagpur, India. Distinct clusters of higher taxa (families) are disclosed for butterfly morphology and significant morphological and taxonomic associations occur in nectar exploitation. Flower corolla depth generally restricts exploitation by butterflies in relation to proboscis length and butterflies with high wing load indices bias their feeding to plants with massed flowers. However, important exceptions emerge; also, a substantial number of butterflies feed on plants with massed flowers though their proboscises are of marginal length for corolla depths. These butterfly species are significantly smaller, lighter, with lower wing loading and shorter proboscis indices than species which easily access the same flowering plant species. It is suggested that small size and short proboscises could give them a competitive advantage (increased rate of nectar uptake) for exploiting nectar in such situations. The significance of the findings for conservation is discussed.     

Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community

Carnivorous pitcher plants capture insect prey to acquire essential nutrients while growing on extremely poor soils. A few individual species have evolved mutualistic relationships with small mammals that visit the traps to harvest nectar, and in return leave faecal droppings in the pitchers. Here we report that a diverse guild of nectar-harvesting vertebrates visits pitchers of two common lowland Nepenthes species without providing any obvious benefit for the plants. Over four consecutive field seasons, we observed four species of sunbirds and one species of tree shrew drinking nectar from pitcher plants. Foraging activity was highest in the morning and late afternoon. Van Hasselt’s, Brown-throated and olive-backed sunbirds were regular and highly abundant pitcher visitors in two different field sites. A crimson sunbird and a lesser tree shrew were each observed harvesting nectar on one occasion. The vertebrates harvested nectar from the pitcher rim (peristome) of N. rafflesiana and from the underside of the pitcher lid of N. gracilis. A comparison of the nectar production of these and three further sympatric species revealed exceptionally high quantities of nectar for N. rafflesiana. Other factors such as plant and pitcher abundance and the habitat preferences of the observed vertebrates are likely to also play a role in their choice to visit particular species. This is the first account of a case of obvious nectar robbing from Nepenthes pitchers by a guild of species that are too large to serve as prey, while the pitcher size and shape prevent faecal droppings from reaching the pitcher’s inside. This interaction provides an example of a possible starting point for the evolution of the elaborate mutualistic relationships observed in some species. Follow-up adaptations of pitcher shape could enable the plants to catch the droppings of their visitors and turn an exploitative relationship into a mutualism.