Morphological,biochemical and molecular changes during ectomycorrhiza development

Summary An ectomycorrhiza, a specialized root organ, is the result of a complex interaction leading to a finely-tuned symbiosis between a plant and a compatible ectomycorrhizal fungus. Ultrastructural observations combined with cytochemical and biochemical studies reveal that structural and metabolic changes in the symbiont cells lead to the final phenotype of the active ectomycorrhiza. In the present review these changes are interpreted as changes in gene expression and discussed within the context of ectomycorrhiza development. Recent genetic data indicate that the continued vegetative growth of the ectomycorrhizal hyphae and the root tissues, and their ability to switch to symbiotic organ formation, is basically controlled by developmentally critical genes. The activity of these symbiotic genes during the differentiation of ectomycorrhizas is associated with extensive changes in the concentration of particular polypeptides and protein biosynthesis. The present state of knowledge about the developmental biology of ectomycorrhizas allows only speculation about the events during their development.Puisant mes forces aux sources des galaxies En buvant la sève des arbres M. Jonasz     

D精氨酸对菌根化马尾松植株内源多胺和抗旱能力的影响

为研究内源多胺对菌根化马尾松植株抗旱能力的影响,以分别接种4种外生菌根真菌及其混合菌的5种菌根化马尾松小苗为材料,通过添加ADC竞争性抑制剂D精氨酸(DArg)进行室内模拟自然干旱胁迫处理,分析了各处理植株的萎蔫度、针叶中腐胺(Put)、亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量的变化及其与抗旱能力的关系。结果显示：未施加DArg的处理中,各植株的抗旱能力依次为接种混合菌根菌的植株较高、紫金蜡蘑(La)菌根化植株次之、CK植株较低,而DArg处理的各植株抗旱能力发生了逆转,依次为CK植株较高、La菌根化植株次之、接种混合菌根菌的植株较低。分析表明菌根化马尾松植株Put合成主要依赖以LArg为前体的途径,并且向Spd和Spm的转化效率较CK植株高;维持较高Spm含量、(Spd+Spm)/Put值,是菌根化马尾松植株抗旱的重要原因之一。     

Mycorrhizas in ecosystems

Summary The results of analyses of the distribution, structure and function of ericoid, ecto and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas are used to challenge the conventional view, which was based largely upon studies of isolated plants and excised plant roots under controlled conditions, that the symbiosis is primarily involved in the capture of phosphate ions. In nature, each mycorrhizal type is associated with an ecosystem and soil environment with distinctive characteristics in which selection has favoured the development of a particular range of attributes. These attributes are evaluated and their importance for the individual plant and for the ecosystems in which they occur is assessed. It is concluded that knowledge of the full range of functions of each mycorrhizal type is essential for an understanding of the distribution and dynamics of the ecosystem in which it predominates.